• 常用模块学习(一)


                                 常用模块学习(一)

    • 常用模块学习—小鸡汤

             推荐节目—晓说:

                   《晓说》是2012年3月高晓松开始主持的网络脱口秀节目

                    每期由主持人高晓松谈论一个热门话题,打造视频化的“高晓松专栏文章”

    • 常用模块学习—模块的种类和导入方法

      '''
      1、什么是模块?
      在计算机程序的开发过程中,随着程序代码越写越多,在一个文件里代码就会越来越长,越来越不容易维护。
      为了编写可维护的代码,我们把很多函数分组,分别放到不同的文件里,这样,每个文件包含的代码就相对较少,很多编程语言都采用这种组织代码的方式。
      在Python中,一个.py文件就称之为一个模块(Module)。
      
      2、使用模块的好处:
      最大的好处是大大提高了代码的可维护性。
      编写代码不必从零开始,当一个模块编写完毕,就可以被其他地方引用。
      使用模块还可以避免函数名和变量名冲突。
      
      3、模块的分类:
      内置标准模块(又称标准库)执行help('modules')查看所有python自带模块列表
      第三方开源模块,可通过pip install 模块名 联网安装
      自定义模块
      
      4、模块的调用(模块一旦被调用,即相当于执行了另外一个py文件里的代码):
      import module               导入模块
      from module import xx,xx              从 module 模块中再导入 xx
      from module.xx.xx import xx as rename          as  起别名
      from module.xx.xx import *           * 代表所有,不建议使用,变量名容易冲突
      '''
      import os
      import sys
      from os import rmdir
      from os import rmdir,rename      #使用逗号分隔,导入多个
      print(help('modules'))           #查看所有python自带模块列表
      help('modules')
      Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
      __future__          _warnings           http                secrets
      _abc                _weakref            idlelib             select
      _ast                _weakrefset         imaplib             selectors
      _asyncio            _winapi             imghdr              setup
      _bisect             abc                 imp                 setup_cython
      _blake2             aifc                importlib           setuptools
      _bootlocale         antigravity         inspect             shelve
      _bz2                argparse            interpreterInfo     shlex
      _codecs             array               io                  shutil
      _codecs_cn          ast                 ipaddress           signal
      _codecs_hk          asynchat            itertools           site
      _codecs_iso2022     asyncio             json                sitecustomize
      _codecs_jp          asyncore            keyword             smtpd
      _codecs_kr          atexit              lib2to3             smtplib
      _codecs_tw          audioop             linecache           sndhdr
      _collections        backend_interagg    locale              socket
      _collections_abc    base64              logging             socketserver
      _compat_pickle      bdb                 lzma                sqlite3
      _compression        binascii            macpath             sre_compile
      _contextvars        binhex              mailbox             sre_constants
      _csv                bisect              mailcap             sre_parse
      _ctypes             builtins            marshal             ssl
      _ctypes_test        bz2                 math                stat
      _datetime           cProfile            mimetypes           statistics
      _decimal            calendar            mmap                string
      _distutils_findvs   cgi                 modulefinder        stringprep
      _dummy_thread       cgitb               msilib              struct
      _elementtree        chardet             msvcrt              subprocess
      _functools          chunk               multiprocessing     sunau
      _hashlib            cmath               netrc               symbol
      _heapq              cmd                 nntplib             symtable
      _imp                code                nt                  sys
      _io                 codecs              ntpath              sysconfig
      _json               codeop              nturl2path          tabnanny
      _locale             collections         numbers             tarfile
      _lsprof             colorsys            opcode              telnetlib
      _lzma               compileall          operator            tempfile
      _markupbase         concurrent          optparse            test
      _md5                configparser        os                  test_pydevd_reload
      _msi                contextlib          parser              tests_pydevd
      _multibytecodec     contextvars         pathlib             tests_pydevd_mainloop
      _multiprocessing    copy                pdb                 tests_pydevd_python
      _opcode             copyreg             pickle              textwrap
      _operator           crypt               pickletools         this
      _osx_support        csv                 pip                 threading
      _overlapped         ctypes              pipes               time
      _pickle             curses              pkg_resources       timeit
      _py_abc             dataclasses         pkgutil             tkinter
      _pydecimal          datetime            platform            token
      _pydev_bundle       dbm                 plistlib            tokenize
      _pydev_imps         decimal             poplib              trace
      _pydev_runfiles     difflib             posixpath           traceback
      _pydevd_bundle      dis                 pprint              tracemalloc
      _pydevd_frame_eval  distutils           profile             tty
      _pyio               doctest             pstats              turtle
      _queue              dummy_threading     pty                 turtledemo
      _random             easy_install        py_compile          types
      _sha1               email               pyclbr              typing
      _sha256             encodings           pycompletionserver  unicodedata
      _sha3               ensurepip           pydev_app_engine_debug_startup unittest
      _sha512             enum                pydev_coverage      urllib
      _signal             errno               pydev_ipython       uu
      _sitebuiltins       faulthandler        pydev_pysrc         uuid
      _socket             filecmp             pydev_run_in_console venv
      _sqlite3            fileinput           pydevconsole        warnings
      _sre                fnmatch             pydevd              wave
      _ssl                formatter           pydevd_concurrency_analyser weakref
      _stat               fractions           pydevd_file_utils   webbrowser
      _string             ftplib              pydevd_plugins      winreg
      _strptime           functools           pydoc               winsound
      _struct             gc                  pydoc_data          wsgiref
      _symtable           genericpath         pyexpat             xdrlib
      _testbuffer         getopt              queue               xml
      _testcapi           getpass             quopri              xmlrpc
      _testconsole        gettext             random              xxsubtype
      _testimportmultiple glob                re                  zipapp
      _testmultiphase     gzip                reprlib             zipfile
      _thread             hashlib             rlcompleter         zipimport
      _threading_local    heapq               runfiles            zlib
      _tkinter            hmac                runpy               
      _tracemalloc        html                sched               
      Enter any module name to get more help.  Or, type "modules spam" to search
      for modules whose name or summary contain the string "spam".
    • 常用模块学习—模块的导入路径

            

    #模块一旦被调用,即相当于执行了另外一个py文件里的代码
    #自定义模块
    #这个最简单, 创建一个.py文件,就可以称之为模块,就可以在另外一个程序里导入
    import sys
    print(sys.path)
    '''
    输出:
    [
    'E:\Python\work\myFirstPro\第4章', 
    'E:\Python', 
    'C:\Python37\python37.zip', 
    'C:\Python37\DLLs', 
    'C:\Python37\lib', 
    'C:\Python37', 
    'C:\Python37\lib\site-packages', 
    'C:\JetBrains\PyCharm 
    2018.2.1\helpers\pycharm_matplotlib_backend'
    ]
    
    sys.path.append('E:\Python\work\myFirstPro\第4章')
    print(sys.path)
    #import my_modules
    #del my_modules
    
    小结:
    python解释器会按照列表顺序去依次到每个目录下去匹配你要导入的模块名,
    只要在一个目录下匹配到了该模块名,就立刻导入,不再继续往后找。
    注意:列表第一个元素为空,即代表当前目录,所以你自己定义的模块在当前目录会被优先导入。
    '''
    • 常用模块学习—开源模块的安装方式

      •      开源模块

                         https://pypi.python.org/pypi 是python的开源模块库,截止2017年9.30日 ,已经收录了118170个来自全世界python开发者贡献的模块,几乎涵盖了你想用python做的任何事情。 事实上每个python开发者,只要注册一个账号就可以往这个平台上传你自己的模块,这样全世界的开发者都可以容易的下载并使用你的模块。

              

            

           直接在上面这个页面上点download,下载后,解压并进入目录,执行以下命令完成安装

          编译源码    python setup.py build
          安装源码    python setup.py install

          直接通过pip安装   

         pip3 install paramiko #paramiko 是模块名   安装
    pip3 uninstal paramiko 卸载
    import paramiko 使用

                 pip命令会自动下载模块包并完成安装。

                 软件一般会被自动安装你python安装目录的这个子目录里

           /your_python_install_path/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages
    • 常用模块学习—使用国内源文件下载

             pip命令默认会连接在国外的python官方服务器下载,速度比较慢,你还可以使用国内的豆瓣源,数据会定期同步国外官网,速度快好多。

    sudo pip install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com   #alex_sayhi是模块名
    Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.285]
    (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
    
    E:Python>pip3 install PyTyrion
    Collecting PyTyrion
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfc  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1b  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f93058
    2a
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec
    8b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.tar
    e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167
    ec
    8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion
    -1
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/1
    67
    ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTy
    ri
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e20
    3b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.t
    ar.gz
    Installing collected packages: PyTyrion
      Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
    Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availabl
    eou should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrad
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is avai
    l.
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is a
    va
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is a
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 
      Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
    Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is
     available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip inst
    all --upgrade pip' command.
    
    E:Python>pip3 uninstall PyTyrion
    Uninstalling PyTyrion-1.0.1:
      Would remove:
        c:python37libsite-packagespytyrion-1.0.1-py3.7.eg
    g-info
        c:python37libsite-packages	yrion*
    Proceed (y/n)? y
      Successfully uninstalled PyTyrion-1.0.1
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is
     available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip inst
    all --upgrade pip' command.
    
    E:Python>pip3 install PyTyrion
    Collecting PyTyrion
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf
    9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.tar.gz
    Installing collected packages: PyTyrion
      Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
    Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
    (venv) E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
    le/alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
    You must give at least one requirement to install (see "pip help install")
    You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
    
    (venv) E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
    le/ alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
    Collecting alex_sayhi
      Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/84/14/b59d93276c86f6ab556cfa7c2d860b742c1611b601cc
    4c7743d129b4b52a/alex_sayhi-1.0.0.tar.gz
    Installing collected packages: alex-sayhi
      Running setup.py install for alex-sayhi ... done
    Successfully installed alex-sayhi-1.0.0
    You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
    
    E:Python>
    E:Python>pip3 install paramiko
    Collecting paramiko
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3e/db/cb7b6656e0e7387637ce850689084dc0b9
    4b44df31cc52e5fc5c2c4fd2c1/paramiko-2.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (194kB)
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      Running setup.py install for pycparser ... done
    Successfully installed asn1crypto-0.24.0 bcrypt-3.1.4 cffi-1.11.5 cryptography-2.3.1 idna-2.7
    paramiko-2.4.1 pyasn1-0.4.4 pycparser-2.18 pynacl-1.2.1 six-1.11.0
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
    
    使用国内豆瓣源下载速度对比:
    Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.285]
    (c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
    
    E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ paramiko
    Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
    Collecting paramiko
      The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure host and is being
     ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead  The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure host and i
    s
    being ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS we recommend you use HTT
    PS
     instead, otherwise you may silence this warning and allow it anyway with '--trus
      The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure host an
    d i
    s being ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS we recommend you us
    e H
    TTPS instead, otherwise you may silence this warning and allow it anyway with
      The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or sec
    ure
     host and is being ignored. If this repository is available via HTT
    PS
    we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may silence this
    war
      The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or s
    ec
    ure host and is being ignored. If this repository is available vi
    a
    HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may silen
    ce
     this warning and allow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.douba
    n.
    com'.
    HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may si
    len
    ce this warning and allow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.
    dou
    ban.com'.
    HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may
    may silence this warning and allow it anyway with '--tr
    ust pypi.douban.com'.
    sted-host pypi.douban.com'.
      Could not find a version that satisfies the requireme
     may silence this warning and allow it anyway with
     '--t
    rusted-host pypi.douban.com'.
    HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherw
    is
    e you may silence this warning and allow it anyw
    ay
     with '--trusted-host pypi.douban.com'.
    HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead,
    ot
    herwise you may silence this warning and a
    ll
    ow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.dou
    ba
    n.com'.
      Could not find a version that satisfies
    herwise you may silence this warning and
    a requirement paramiko (from versions: )
    llow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.
    d
    ouban.com'.
      Could not find a version that satisfies
    the requirement paramiko (from versions:
    )ou should consider upgrading via the 'pyt
    
    No matching distribution found for parami
     the requirement paramiko (from versions
    :
     )
    No matching distribution found for param
      Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement paramiko (from versions:
     )
    No matching distribution found for paramiko
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgra
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availab
    lou should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upg
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is avail
    ab
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' comma
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availa
    b
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18
    .0
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however vers
    i 18.0 is available.
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however ve
    ron 18.0 is available.
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however
    version 18.0 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
    
    E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ paramiko --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
    Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
    Collecting paramiko
      Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/3e/db/cb7b6656e0e7387637ce850689084dc0b94b44df31cc52e5fc5c2c4fd2c1/paramiko-
    2.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (194kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 194kB 655kB/s
    Requirement already satisfied: pynacl>=1.0.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (1.2.1)
    Requirement already satisfied: pyasn1>=0.1.7 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (0.4.4)
    Requirement already satisfied: cryptography>=1.5 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (2.3.1)
    Requirement already satisfied: bcrypt>=3.1.3 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (3.1.4)
    Requirement already satisfied: cffi>=1.4.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) (1.11.5)
    Requirement already satisfied: six in c:python37libsite-packages (from pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) (1.11.0)
    Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (2.7)
    Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in c:python37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->pa
    ramiko) (2.7)
    Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in c:python37libsite
    -p
    ackages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (2.7)
    Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in c:python37
    l
    ibsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (0.24.0)
    Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in c:python37libsite
    Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in c:
    plibsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (0.24.0)
    ython37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->param
    ipackages (from cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) (2.18)
    ko) (0.24.0)
    Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in c:python37
    lou are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availa
    ibsite-packages (from cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->param
    iou should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --u
    Requirement already satisfied: pycparser
    in c:python37libsite-packages (from
     cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->paramik
    o) (2.18)
    Installing collected packages: paramiko
    Successfully installed paramiko-2.4.1
    You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
    You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wqq0723/p/9660284.html
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