随机初始化Embedding
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Embedding
import numpy as np
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(1000, 64, input_length=10))
# the model will take as input an integer matrix of size (batch, input_length).
# the largest integer (i.e. word index) in the input should be no larger than 999 (vocabulary size).
# now model.output_shape == (None, 10, 64), where None is the batch dimension.
input_array = np.random.randint(1000, size=(32, 10))
model.compile('rmsprop', 'mse')
output_array = model.predict(input_array)
print(output_array)
assert output_array.shape == (32, 10, 64)
使用weights参数指明embedding初始值
import numpy as np
import keras
m = keras.models.Sequential()
"""
可以通过weights参数指定初始的weights参数
因为Embedding层是不可导的
梯度东流至此回,所以把embedding放在中间层是没有意义的,emebedding只能作为第一层
注意weights到embeddings的绑定过程很复杂，weights是一个列表
"""
embedding = keras.layers.Embedding(input_dim=3, output_dim=2, input_length=1, weights=[np.arange(3 * 2).reshape((3, 2))], mask_zero=True)
m.add(embedding) # 一旦add，就会自动调用embedding的build函数,
print(keras.backend.get_value(embedding.embeddings))
m.compile(keras.optimizers.RMSprop(), keras.losses.mse)
print(m.predict([1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0]))
print(m.get_layer(index=0).get_weights())
print(keras.backend.get_value(embedding.embeddings))
给embedding设置初始值的第二种方式：使用initializer
import numpy as np
import keras
m = keras.models.Sequential()
"""
可以通过weights参数指定初始的weights参数
因为Embedding层是不可导的
梯度东流至此回,所以把embedding放在中间层是没有意义的,emebedding只能作为第一层
给embedding设置权值的第二种方式，使用constant_initializer
"""
embedding = keras.layers.Embedding(input_dim=3, output_dim=2, input_length=1, embeddings_initializer=keras.initializers.constant(np.arange(3 * 2, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 2))))
m.add(embedding)
print(keras.backend.get_value(embedding.embeddings))
m.compile(keras.optimizers.RMSprop(), keras.losses.mse)
print(m.predict([1, 2, 2, 1, 2]))
print(m.get_layer(index=0).get_weights())
print(keras.backend.get_value(embedding.embeddings))
关键的难点在于理清weights是怎么传入到embedding.embeddings张量里面去的。
Embedding是一个层，继承自Layer，Layer有weights参数，weights参数是一个list，里面的元素都是numpy数组。在调用Layer的构造函数的时候，weights参数就被存储到了_initial_weights变量
basic_layer.py 之Layer类
if 'weights' in kwargs:
self._initial_weights = kwargs['weights']
else:
self._initial_weights = None
当把Embedding层添加到模型中、跟模型的上一层进行拼接的时候，会调用layer(上一层)函数，此处layer是Embedding实例，Embedding是一个继承了Layer的类，Embedding类没有重写__call__()方法，Layer实现了__call__()方法。父类Layer的__call__方法调用子类的call()方法来获取结果。所以最终调用的是Layer.__call__()。在这个方法中，会自动检测该层是否build过（根据self.built布尔变量）。
Layer.__call__函数非常重要。
def __call__(self, inputs, **kwargs):
"""Wrapper around self.call(), for handling internal references.
If a Keras tensor is passed:
- We call self._add_inbound_node().
- If necessary, we `build` the layer to match
the _keras_shape of the input(s).
- We update the _keras_shape of every input tensor with
its new shape (obtained via self.compute_output_shape).
This is done as part of _add_inbound_node().
- We update the _keras_history of the output tensor(s)
with the current layer.
This is done as part of _add_inbound_node().
# Arguments
inputs: Can be a tensor or list/tuple of tensors.
**kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to be passed to `call()`.
# Returns
Output of the layer's `call` method.
# Raises
ValueError: in case the layer is missing shape information
for its `build` call.
"""
if isinstance(inputs, list):
inputs = inputs[:]
with K.name_scope(self.name):
# Handle laying building (weight creating, input spec locking).
if not self.built:#如果未曾build，那就要先执行build再调用call函数
# Raise exceptions in case the input is not compatible
# with the input_spec specified in the layer constructor.
self.assert_input_compatibility(inputs)
# Collect input shapes to build layer.
input_shapes = []
for x_elem in to_list(inputs):
if hasattr(x_elem, '_keras_shape'):
input_shapes.append(x_elem._keras_shape)
elif hasattr(K, 'int_shape'):
input_shapes.append(K.int_shape(x_elem))
else:
raise ValueError('You tried to call layer "' +
self.name +
'". This layer has no information'
' about its expected input shape, '
'and thus cannot be built. '
'You can build it manually via: '
'`layer.build(batch_input_shape)`')
self.build(unpack_singleton(input_shapes))
self.built = True#这句话其实有些多余，因为self.build函数已经把built置为True了
# Load weights that were specified at layer instantiation.
if self._initial_weights is not None:#如果传入了weights，把weights参数赋值到每个变量，此处会覆盖上面的self.build函数中的赋值。
self.set_weights(self._initial_weights)
# Raise exceptions in case the input is not compatible
# with the input_spec set at build time.
self.assert_input_compatibility(inputs)
# Handle mask propagation.
previous_mask = _collect_previous_mask(inputs)
user_kwargs = copy.copy(kwargs)
if not is_all_none(previous_mask):
# The previous layer generated a mask.
if has_arg(self.call, 'mask'):
if 'mask' not in kwargs:
# If mask is explicitly passed to __call__,
# we should override the default mask.
kwargs['mask'] = previous_mask
# Handle automatic shape inference (only useful for Theano).
input_shape = _collect_input_shape(inputs)
# Actually call the layer,
# collecting output(s), mask(s), and shape(s).
output = self.call(inputs, **kwargs)
output_mask = self.compute_mask(inputs, previous_mask)
# If the layer returns tensors from its inputs, unmodified,
# we copy them to avoid loss of tensor metadata.
output_ls = to_list(output)
inputs_ls = to_list(inputs)
output_ls_copy = []
for x in output_ls:
if x in inputs_ls:
x = K.identity(x)
output_ls_copy.append(x)
output = unpack_singleton(output_ls_copy)
# Inferring the output shape is only relevant for Theano.
if all([s is not None
for s in to_list(input_shape)]):
output_shape = self.compute_output_shape(input_shape)
else:
if isinstance(input_shape, list):
output_shape = [None for _ in input_shape]
else:
output_shape = None
if (not isinstance(output_mask, (list, tuple)) and
len(output_ls) > 1):
# Augment the mask to match the length of the output.
output_mask = [output_mask] * len(output_ls)
# Add an inbound node to the layer, so that it keeps track
# of the call and of all new variables created during the call.
# This also updates the layer history of the output tensor(s).
# If the input tensor(s) had not previous Keras history,
# this does nothing.
self._add_inbound_node(input_tensors=inputs,
output_tensors=output,
input_masks=previous_mask,
output_masks=output_mask,
input_shapes=input_shape,
output_shapes=output_shape,
arguments=user_kwargs)
# Apply activity regularizer if any:
if (hasattr(self, 'activity_regularizer') and
self.activity_regularizer is not None):
with K.name_scope('activity_regularizer'):
regularization_losses = [
self.activity_regularizer(x)
for x in to_list(output)]
self.add_loss(regularization_losses,
inputs=to_list(inputs))
return output
如果没有build过，会自动调用Embedding类的build()函数。Embedding.build()这个函数并不会去管weights，如果它使用的initializer没有传入，self.embeddings_initializer会变成随机初始化。如果传入了，那么在这一步就能够把weights初始化好。如果同时传入embeddings_initializer和weights参数，那么weights参数稍后会把Embedding#embeddings覆盖掉。
embedding.py Embedding类的build函数
def build(self, input_shape):
self.embeddings = self.add_weight(
shape=(self.input_dim, self.output_dim),
initializer=self.embeddings_initializer,
name='embeddings',
regularizer=self.embeddings_regularizer,
constraint=self.embeddings_constraint,
dtype=self.dtype)
self.built = True
综上，在keras中，使用weights给Layer的变量赋值是一个比较通用的方法，但是不够直观。keras鼓励多多使用明确的initializer，而尽量不要触碰weights。