原始套接字--traceroute

　traceroute， 也就是 trace route，跟踪路由。这个程序最早是Van Jacobson实现的。源码在网上可以找到，不过我还没有去找。是IP路由过程中对数据包TTL(Time to Live，存活时间)的处理。当路由器收到一个IP包时，会修改IP包的TTL（及由此造成的头部检验和checksum变化）。每收到一个包，检查这个 的TTL是否是0或1。如果是，表明这个包还没有到达目的地，而且剩余时间不多了，肯定是到不了目的地了。这样路由器就简单地丢弃这个包，并给源主机发送 ICMP通知，说这个包已经超时了。ICMP的通知信息里包含当前路由器发送时所用的IP。

　　这样就可以通过构造数据包，来间接检查到 达一个主机时经过了哪些路由。一开始发送一个TTL为1的包，这样到达第一个路由器的时候就已经超时了，第一个路由器就发通知说包超时，这样就可以记录下 所经过的第一个路由器的IP。然后TTL加1，安全通过第一个路由器，而第二个路由器的的处理与第一个相同，丢包，发通知说包超时了，这样记录下第二个路 由器IP，由此可以一直进行下去，直到这个数据包到达目标主机，由此打印出所有经过的路由器。

#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/time.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<signal.h>
#include<time.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<netdb.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<strings.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>
#include<netinet/in_systm.h>
#include<netinet/ip.h>
#include<netinet/ip_icmp.h>
#include<netinet/udp.h>
#include<netinet/in_systm.h>
#define BUFSIZE 1500
struct rec{
    u_short rec_seq;
    u_short rec_ttl;
    struct timeval rec_tv;
};

char recvbuf[BUFSIZE];
char sendbuf[BUFSIZE];

int datalen;
char *host;
u_short sport,dport;
int nsent;
pid_t pid;
int probe,nprobes;
int sendfd,recvfd;
int ttl,max_ttl;
int verbose;

struct proto{
    const char*(*icmpcode)(int);
    int (*recv)(int,struct timeval*);
    struct sockaddr *sasend;    //dest addr, the destination
    struct sockaddr *sarecv;    //recv addr, store who send the message
    struct sockaddr *salast;
    struct sockaddr *sabind;    //bind the source port
    socklen_t salen;
    int icmpproto;
    int ttllevel;
    int ttloptname;
}*pr;
int gotalarm;
const char *icmpcode_v4(int code){
    static char errbuf[100];
    switch(code){
        case 0:return("network unreachable");   
        case 1:return("host unreachable");
        case 2:return("protocol unreachable");
        case 3:return("port unreachable");  
        case 4:return("fragmentation required but DF bit set"); 
        case 5:return("source route failed");   
        case 6:return("destination network unknown");   
        case 7:return("destination host unknown");  
        case 8:return("source host isolated(obsolete)");    
        case 9:return("destination network administartively prohibited");
        case 10:return("destination host administartively prohibited"); 
        case 11:return("network unreachable for TOS");  
        case 12:return("host unreachable for TOS"); 
        case 13:return("communication error");  
        case 14:return("host recedenc violation");  
        case 15:return("precedence cutoff in effect");  
        default:sprintf(errbuf,"unknown code %d",code);
    }   
    return errbuf;  
}
void sig_alrm(int signo){
    gotalarm=1;
    return;
}
void tv_sub(struct timeval *out,struct timeval *in){
    if((out->tv_usec-=in->tv_usec)<0){
        --out->tv_sec;
        out->tv_sec+=1000000;
    }   
    out->tv_sec-=in->tv_sec;
}
void traceloop(void){
    int seq,code,done;
    double rtt;
    struct rec *rec;
    struct timeval tvrecv;
    if((recvfd=socket(pr->sasend->sa_family,SOCK_RAW,pr->icmpproto))<0){
        printf("recvfd:socket failed
");
        return;
    }
    setuid(getuid());
    if((sendfd=socket(pr->sasend->sa_family,SOCK_DGRAM,0))<0){
        printf("sendfd:socket failed
");
        return;
    }

    pr->sabind->sa_family=pr->sasend->sa_family;
    sport=(getpid()&0xffff) | 0x8000;
    ((struct sockaddr_in*)pr->sabind)->sin_port=htons(sport);

    if(bind(sendfd,pr->sabind,pr->salen)<0){
        printf("bind error
");
        return;
    }

    sig_alrm(SIGALRM);
    seq=0;
    done=0;
    for(ttl=1;ttl<=max_ttl&&done==0;ttl++){
        setsockopt(sendfd,pr->ttllevel,pr->ttloptname,&ttl,sizeof(int));//modify ttl
        bzero(pr->salast,pr->salen);
        printf("%2d ",ttl);
        fflush(stdout);
        for(probe=0;probe<nprobes;probe++){
            /*
             *             *these sendbuf is just
             *                         *used to exam if the received data is sended by our program 
             *                                     */
            rec=(struct rec*)sendbuf;
            rec->rec_seq=++seq;
            rec->rec_ttl=ttl;

            gettimeofday(&rec->rec_tv,NULL);
            ((struct sockaddr_in*)pr->sasend)->sin_port=htons(dport+seq);
            if(sendto(sendfd,sendbuf,datalen,0,pr->sasend,pr->salen)<0){//send to dest with ttl added
                perror("bad sendto");
                continue;
            }

            //if time_out print * else print info
            if((code=(*pr->recv)(seq,&tvrecv))==-3){
                printf(" *");
            }else{
                char str[NI_MAXHOST];
                if(memcmp(pr->sarecv,pr->salast,pr->salen)!=0){
                    if(getnameinfo(pr->sarecv,pr->salen,str,sizeof(str),NULL,0,0)==0){
                        printf(" %s (%s)",str,inet_ntoa(((struct sockaddr_in*)pr->sarecv)->sin_addr));
                    }else{
                        printf(" %s",inet_ntoa(((struct sockaddr_in*)pr->sarecv)->sin_addr));
                    }
                    memcpy(pr->salast,pr->sarecv,pr->salen);
                }
                tv_sub(&tvrecv,&rec->rec_tv);
                rtt=tvrecv.tv_sec*1000.0+tvrecv.tv_usec/1000;
                printf("  %.3f ms",rtt);

                if(code==-1){   //reach the dest
                    done++;
                }else if(code>0){
                    printf(" (ICMP %s)",(*pr->icmpcode)(code));
                }
            }
            fflush(stdout);
        }
        printf("
");
    }
}
int recv_v4(int seq,struct timeval *tv){
    int hlen1,hlen2,icmplen,ret;
    socklen_t len;
    ssize_t n;
    struct ip *ip,*hip;
    struct icmp *icmp;
    struct udphdr *udp;

    gotalarm=0;
    for(;;){
        if(gotalarm){
            return -3;
        }
        len=pr->salen;
        alarm(3);
        n=recvfrom(recvfd,recvbuf,sizeof(recvbuf),0,pr->sarecv,&len);//data len
        if(n<0){
            if(errno==EINTR){
                continue;
            }else{
                printf("recvfrom error
");
                return 0;
            }
        }else{
            //if recvfrom ok , close the alarm
            alarm(0);
        }

        //read data
        ip=(struct ip*)recvbuf;
        hlen1=ip->ip_hl<<2;//ip len
        icmp=(struct icmp*)(recvbuf+hlen1);
        if((icmplen=n-hlen1)<8){
            continue;
        }
        if(icmp->icmp_type==ICMP_TIMXCEED&&
                icmp->icmp_code==ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS){
            if(icmplen<8+sizeof(struct ip)){
                continue;
            }
            //get icmp data
            hip=(struct ip*)(recvbuf+hlen1+8);
            hlen2=hip->ip_hl<<2;
            if(icmplen<8+hlen2+4){
                continue;
            }
            udp=(struct udphdr *)(recvbuf+hlen1+8+hlen2);
            if(hip->ip_p==IPPROTO_UDP&&
                    udp->source==htons(sport)&&
                    udp->dest==htons(dport+seq)){
                ret=-2;
                break;
            }
        }else if(icmp->icmp_type==ICMP_UNREACH){
            if(icmplen<8+sizeof(struct ip))
                continue;
            hip=(struct ip*)(recvbuf+hlen1+8);
            hlen2=hip->ip_hl<<2;
            if(icmplen<8+hlen2+4)
                continue;
            udp=(struct udphdr*)(recvbuf+hlen1+8+hlen2);
            if(hip->ip_p==IPPROTO_UDP&&
                    udp->source==htons(sport)&&
                    udp->dest==htons(dport+seq)){
                if(icmp->icmp_code==ICMP_UNREACH_PORT)
                    ret=-1;     //reach the destination
                else
                    ret=icmp->icmp_code;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    gettimeofday(tv,NULL);
    return ret;
}

struct proto proto_v4={icmpcode_v4,recv_v4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,0,IPPROTO_ICMP,IPPROTO_IP,IP_TTL};

int datalen=sizeof(struct rec);
int max_ttl=30;
int nprobes=3;
u_short dport=32768+666;//hope the port of dest is not used

struct addrinfo *host_serv(const char *host,const char *serv,int family,int socktype){
    int n;
    struct addrinfo hints,*res;
    bzero(&hints,sizeof(hints));
    hints.ai_flags=AI_CANONNAME;
    hints.ai_family=family;
    hints.ai_socktype=socktype;
    if((n=getaddrinfo(host,serv,&hints,&res))!=0){
        return NULL;
    }
    return (res);
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[]){
    int c;
    struct addrinfo *ai;
    struct sigaction s_action;
    char h[20]={0};
    while((c=getopt(argc,argv,"m:v"))!=-1){
        switch(c){
            case 'm':
                if((max_ttl=atoi(optarg))<0){
                    printf("invalid input
");
                }   
                break;
            case 'v':
                verbose++;
                break;
            case '?':
                printf("unrecognized
");
                return -1; 
        }   
    }   
    if(optind!=argc-1){
        printf("error input
");    
        return -1; 
    }  
    host=argv[optind];

    pid=getpid();

    bzero(&s_action,sizeof(s_action));
    s_action.sa_handler=sig_alrm;
    s_action.sa_flags=SA_INTERRUPT;
    sigaction(SIGALRM,&s_action,NULL);

//    signal(SIGALRM,sig_alrm); 
    ai=host_serv(host,NULL,0,0);
    inet_ntop(AF_INET,&((struct sockaddr_in*)(ai->ai_addr))->sin_addr,h,sizeof(h));
    printf("traceroute to %s (%s): %d hops max, %d data bytes
",
            ai->ai_canonname?ai->ai_canonname:h,h,max_ttl,datalen);

    if(ai->ai_family==AF_INET){
        pr=&proto_v4;
    }else{
        printf("UNKNOW address family
");
        return -1;
    }

    pr->sasend=ai->ai_addr;
    pr->sarecv=(struct sockaddr*)calloc(1,ai->ai_addrlen);
    pr->salast=(struct sockaddr*)calloc(1,ai->ai_addrlen);
    pr->sabind=(struct sockaddr*)calloc(1,ai->ai_addrlen);
    pr->salen=ai->ai_addrlen;
    traceloop();
    exit(0);
}