动态库的链接和链接选项-L，-rpath-link，-rpath

　　有时候在阅读开源的库的源码时，可能会需要写个demo进行调试分析，这样会更直观。我们会需要去链接经过源码编译出来的动态库，而这个动态库一般都是没有make install的，也就是库未安装到系统默认搜索路径，在链接的时候会在makefile里面指定库的链接搜索路径：-Lpath -lmylib，编译顺利通过，但是运行的时候提示找不到这个库，又不想去修改系统动态库搜索路径，这个时候:-Wl,-rpath就起作用了。

　　用法：

gcc demo.c -o demo -Lsopath -lmyso -Wl,-rpath=sopath

　　其中 sopath为动态库搜索路径，libmyso.so为动态库。-L -l都是很熟悉的链接选项了，-Wl,-rpath通过man gcc

 -Wl,option
           Pass option as an option to the linker.  If option contains commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.  You can use this syntax to pass an argument to the
           option.  For example, -Wl,-Map,output.map passes -Map output.map to the linker.  When using the GNU linker, you can also get the same effect with -Wl,-Map=output.map.

　　-Wl选项:传递的option作为连接器的一个option。多个option以逗号分隔。

　　也就是说-Wl为gcc的选项，但是rpath是ld的选项，继续man ld:

       -rpath=dir
           Add a directory to the runtime library search path.  This is used when linking an ELF executable with shared objects.  All -rpath arguments are concatenated and passed to
           the runtime linker, which uses them to locate shared objects at runtime.  The -rpath option is also used when locating shared objects which are needed by shared objects
           explicitly included in the link; see the description of the -rpath-link option.  If -rpath is not used when linking an ELF executable, the contents of the environment
           variable "LD_RUN_PATH" will be used if it is defined.

           The -rpath option may also be used on SunOS.  By default, on SunOS, the linker will form a runtime search patch out of all the -L options it is given.  If a -rpath option is
           used, the runtime search path will be formed exclusively using the -rpath options, ignoring the -L options.  This can be useful when using gcc, which adds many -L options
           which may be on NFS mounted file systems.

           For compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the -R option is followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as the -rpath option.

 　　rpath指定一个运行动时态库搜索路径，另一种指定runtime library search path的方法是环境变量LD_RUN_PATH，这种方法的缺点是会影响其他程序。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

更详细的介绍：https://my.oschina.net/shelllife/blog/115958

链接动态库

如何程序在连接时使用了共享库，就必须在运行的时候能够找到共享库的位置。linux的可执行程序在执行的时候默认是先搜索/lib和/usr/lib这两个目录，然后按照/etc/ld.so.conf里面的配置搜索绝对路径。同时，Linux也提供了环境变量LD_LIBRARY_PATH供用户选择使用，用户可以通过设定它来查找除默认路径之外的其他路径，如查找/work/lib路径,你可以在/etc/rc.d/rc.local或其他系统启动后即可执行到的脚本添加如下语句：LD_LIBRARY_PATH =/work/lib:$(LD_LIBRARY_PATH)。并且LD_LIBRARY_PATH路径优先于系统默认路径之前查找（详细参考《使用LD_LIBRARY_PATH》）。

不过LD_LIBRARY_PATH的设定作用是全局的，过多的使用可能会影响到其他应用程序的运行，所以多用在调试。（LD_LIBRARY_PATH的缺陷和使用准则，可以参考《Why LD_LIBRARY_PATH is bad》 ）。通常情况下推荐还是使用gcc的-R或-rpath选项来在编译时就指定库的查找路径，并且该库的路径信息保存在可执行文件中，运行时它会直接到该路径查找库，避免了使用LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量查找。

链接选项和路径

现代连接器在处理动态库时将链接时路径（Link-time path）和运行时路径（Run-time path）分开,用户可以通过-L指定连接时库的路径，通过-R（或-rpath）指定程序运行时库的路径，大大提高了库应用的灵活性。比如我们做嵌入式移植时#arm-linux-gcc $(CFLAGS) –o target –L/work/lib/zlib/ -llibz-1.2.3 (work/lib/zlib下是交叉编译好的zlib库)，将target编译好后我们只要把zlib库拷贝到开发板的系统默认路径下即可。或者通过-rpath（或-R ）、LD_LIBRARY_PATH指定查找路径。

链接器ld的选项有 -L，-rpath 和 -rpath-link，看了下 man ld，大致是这个意思：

-L: “链接”的时候，去找的目录，也就是所有的 -lFOO 选项里的库，都会先从 -L 指定的目录去找，然后是默认的地方。编译时的-L选项并不影响环境变量LD_LIBRARY_PATH，-L只是指定了程序编译连接时库的路径，并不影响程序执行时库的路径，系统还是会到默认路径下查找该程序所需要的库，如果找不到，还是会报错，类似cannot open shared object file。

-rpath-link：这个也是用于“链接”的时候的，例如你显示指定的需要 FOO.so，但是 FOO.so 本身是需要 BAR.so 的，后者你并没有指定，而是 FOO.so 引用到它，这个时候，会先从 -rpath-link 给的路径里找。

-rpath: “运行”的时候，去找的目录。运行的时候，要找 .so 文件，会从这个选项里指定的地方去找。对于交叉编译，交叉编译链接器需已经配置 --with-sysroot 选项才能起作用。也就是说，-rpath指定的路径会被记录在生成的可执行程序中，用于运行时查找需要加载的动态库。-rpath-link 则只用于链接时查找。

链接搜索顺序

直接man ld。The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared libraries:

       1.  Any directories specified by -rpath-link options.
       2.  Any directories specified by -rpath options.  The difference between -rpath and -rpath-link is that directories specified by -rpath options are included in the executable and used at runtime, whereas the -rpath-link option is only effective at link time. Searching -rpath in this way is only supported by native linkers and cross linkers which have been configured with the --with-sysroot option.
       3.  On an ELF system, for native linkers, if the -rpath and -rpath-link options were not used, search the contents of the environment variable "LD_RUN_PATH".
       4.  On SunOS, if the -rpath option was not used, search any directories specified using -L options.
       5.  For a native linker, the search the contents of the environment variable "LD_LIBRARY_PATH".
       6.  For a native ELF linker, the directories in "DT_RUNPATH" or "DT_RPATH" of a shared library are searched for shared libraries needed by it. The "DT_RPATH" entries are ignored if "DT_RUNPATH" entries exist.
       7.  The default directories, normally /lib and /usr/lib.
       8.  For a native linker on an ELF system, if the file /etc/ld.so.conf exists, the list of directories found in that file.
       If the required shared library is not found, the linker will issue a warning and continue with the link.

gcc和链接选项的使用

在gcc中使用ld链接选项时，需要在选项前面加上前缀-Wl(是字母l，不是1，我曾多次弄错），以区别不是编译器的选项。

if the linker is being invoked indirectly, via a compiler driver (e.g. gcc) then all the linker command line options should be prefixed by -Wl, (or whatever is appropriate for the particular compiler driver) like this:

<!-- lang: shell -->
gcc -Wl,--start-group foo.o bar.o -Wl,--end-group

This is important, because otherwise the compiler driver program may silently drop the linker options, resulting in a bad link.