scrapy-redis 分布式爬虫

为什么要学？

Scrapy_redis在scrapy的基础上实现了更多，更强大的功能。

有哪些功能体现？

request去重、爬虫持久化、实现分布式爬虫、断点续爬（带爬取的request存在redis中）、增量式爬虫（爬取过的生成指纹）

工作流程

先来看看之前的爬虫流程

再来看看scrapy_redis的爬虫流程

安装：

pip install scrapy-redis

源码包安装：

git clone git://github.com/rolando/scrapy-redis

官方文档在：https://scrapy-redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html#running-the-example-project

scrapy_redis 的源码在github：https://github.com/rmax/scrapy-redis

它提供了三个demo在example-projec/example中

三个案例有

先来看第一个案例：

dmoz.py

from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule


class DmozSpider(CrawlSpider):
    """Follow categories and extract links."""
    name = 'dmoz'
    allowed_domains = ['dmoz.org']
    start_urls = ['http://www.dmoz.org/']

    rules = [
        Rule(LinkExtractor(
            restrict_css=('.top-cat', '.sub-cat', '.cat-item')
        ), callback='parse_directory', follow=True),
    ]

    def parse_directory(self, response):
        for div in response.css('.title-and-desc'):
            yield {
                'name': div.css('.site-title::text').extract_first(),
                'description': div.css('.site-descr::text').extract_first().strip(),
                'link': div.css('a::attr(href)').extract_first(),
            }

这个案例很像我们自己写的crawlspider什么区别,所以接下来就要进行配置操作

先来看看官方的 Use the following settings in your project: 

# 指定schedule队列
# Enables scheduling storing requests queue in redis.
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"


# 指定哪个去重方法给request对象去重
# Ensure all spiders share same duplicates filter through redis.
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"

# Default requests serializer is pickle, but it can be changed to any module
# with loads and dumps functions. Note that pickle is not compatible between
# python versions.
# Caveat: In python 3.x, the serializer must return strings keys and support
# bytes as values. Because of this reason the json or msgpack module will not
# work by default. In python 2.x there is no such issue and you can use
# 'json' or 'msgpack' as serializers.
#SCHEDULER_SERIALIZER = "scrapy_redis.picklecompat"

# 队列中的内容是否持久保存，False：在关闭redis的时候清空redis
# Don't cleanup redis queues, allows to pause/resume crawls.
#SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True

# Schedule requests using a priority queue. (default)
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = 'scrapy_redis.queue.PriorityQueue'

# Alternative queues.
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = 'scrapy_redis.queue.FifoQueue'
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = 'scrapy_redis.queue.LifoQueue'

# Max idle time to prevent the spider from being closed when distributed crawling.
# This only works if queue class is SpiderQueue or SpiderStack,
# and may also block the same time when your spider start at the first time (because the queue is empty).
#SCHEDULER_IDLE_BEFORE_CLOSE = 10

# scrapy_redis实现的items保存到redis的pipeline
# Store scraped item in redis for post-processing.
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 300
}

# The item pipeline serializes and stores the items in this redis key.
#REDIS_ITEMS_KEY = '%(spider)s:items'

# The items serializer is by default ScrapyJSONEncoder. You can use any
# importable path to a callable object.
#REDIS_ITEMS_SERIALIZER = 'json.dumps'

# 指定redis的地址
# Specify the host and port to use when connecting to Redis (optional).
#REDIS_HOST = 'localhost'
#REDIS_PORT = 6379


# 指定redis的地址
# Specify the full Redis URL for connecting (optional).
# If set, this takes precedence over the REDIS_HOST and REDIS_PORT settings.
#REDIS_URL = 'redis://user:pass@hostname:9001'

# Custom redis client parameters (i.e.: socket timeout, etc.)
#REDIS_PARAMS  = {}
# Use custom redis client class.
#REDIS_PARAMS['redis_cls'] = 'myproject.RedisClient'

# If True, it uses redis' ``spop`` operation. This could be useful if you
# want to avoid duplicates in your start urls list. In this cases, urls must
# be added via ``sadd`` command or you will get a type error from redis.
#REDIS_START_URLS_AS_SET = False

# Default start urls key for RedisSpider and RedisCrawlSpider.
#REDIS_START_URLS_KEY = '%(name)s:start_urls'

# Use other encoding than utf-8 for redis.
#REDIS_ENCODING = 'latin1'

所以我们需要做的就是在配置文件中添加这几行

# 去重
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"
# 调度器
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"
# 调度器持久化
SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True

# 指定redis地址
REDIS_URL = "redis://192.168.226.150:6379"
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'example.pipelines.ExamplePipeline': 300,
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 400, # 保存数据到redis
}

在这里也贴上github上的settings：

# Scrapy settings for example project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only the most important settings by
# default. All the other settings are documented here:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/topics/settings.html
#
SPIDER_MODULES = ['example.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'example.spiders'

USER_AGENT = 'scrapy-redis (+https://github.com/rolando/scrapy-redis)'

DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"
SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.queue.SpiderPriorityQueue"
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.queue.SpiderQueue"
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.queue.SpiderStack"

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'example.pipelines.ExamplePipeline': 300,
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 400,
}

LOG_LEVEL = 'DEBUG'

# Introduce an artifical delay to make use of parallelism. to speed up the
# crawl.
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 1

接下来我们就运行，跟往常的运行命令一样，切换到example 下，执行命令

example>scrapy crawl dmoz

然后就去redis中查看

可以看到多了三个键

 dmoz:items ：存放获取到的item信息，在pipeline中开启RedisPipeline才会存入

  dmoz:dupefilter ：指纹集合，存放的是已经进入 scheduler 队列的 request 对象的指纹，指纹默认由请求方法，url和请求体组成

  dmoz:requests ：Scheduler队列，存放着待请求的 request 对象，获取的过程是pop操作，即获取一个会去除一个

三个键的类型：

以及数据

items

dupefilter

requests

如果我们不想把数据存放到redis，而是放到其他的地方，应该怎么做？

先来测试一下redispiipeline 关闭的情况

#ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    # 'example.pipelines.ExamplePipeline': 300,
    #'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 400, # 保存数据到redis
#}

再看看redis数据库中这三个键如何变化，变化结果：

dmoz:requests 有变化(变多或者变少或者不变)
dmoz:dupefilter 变多
dmoz:items 不变

所以 redispipeline中仅仅实现了item数据存储到redis的过程，我们可以新建一个pipeline（或者修改默认的ExamplePipeline），让数据存储到其他地方。

接下来看一下 RedisPipeline 的源码段

from scrapy_redis.pipelines import RedisPipeline
    # 调用这个方法，实现数据的保存
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
    # 调用一个异步线程去处理这个item
        return deferToThread(self._process_item, item, spider)

    def _process_item(self, item, spider):
        key = self.item_key(item, spider)
        data = self.serialize(item)
       # 向dmoz:items中添加item
        self.server.rpush(key, data)
        return item

去重的方法，通过生成指纹识别：指纹默认由请求方法，url和请求体组成

- 使用sha1加密request得到指纹
- 把指纹存在redis的集合中
- 下一次新来一个request，同样的方式生成指纹，判断指纹是否存在reids的集合中

- fp = hashlib.sha1()
- fp.update(request.method)
- fp.update(request.body or b"")
- fp.update(url)
- fp.hexdigest()

判断数据是否存在redis的集合中，不存在插入

added = self.server.sadd(self.key, fp)
return added != 0

去重的的类 RFPDupeFilter ：

 

主要是这三个方法:

request_seen:判断requests对象是否已经存在,如果没有就添加到“dmoz:dupefilter”

request_fingerprint:调用函数request_fingerprint

request_fingerprint：主要是对请求进行加密生成指纹

下面来看看调度器：

总结：
domz案例相当于之前的spider多了两个内容：
1、持久化
2、request去重的功能
通过源码以及setting中的配置来看，我们可以重写 去重 和 调度器的方法 ，还有存储数据的 pipeline 。在配置中改成我们重写的类就行。

Scrapy_redis 之 RedisSpider

这是scrapy_redis 的第二个案例

先来看试一下初始源码 

from scrapy_redis.spiders import RedisSpider


class MySpider(RedisSpider):
    """Spider that reads urls from redis queue (myspider:start_urls)."""
    name = 'myspider_redis'
    redis_key = 'myspider:start_urls'

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Dynamically define the allowed domains list.
        domain = kwargs.pop('domain', '')
        self.allowed_domains = filter(None, domain.split(','))
        super(MySpider, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def parse(self, response):
        return {
            'name': response.css('title::text').extract_first(),
            'url': response.url,
        }

解析源码

配置文件设置：

# 去重
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"
# 调度器
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"
# 调度器持久化
SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True

# 指定redis地址
REDIS_URL = "redis://192.168.226.150:6379"
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'example.pipelines.ExamplePipeline': 300,
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 400, # 保存数据到redis
}

start_url 只能由一台机器爬取，其他机器刚开始处于等待状态，这是随机的

但是这里的start_url 改为redis_key='自定义键名' 例如('dangdang')

那么执行的启动命令就是在redis中执行这条语句：lpush 健名 起始url

lpush dangdang http://www.dangdang.com

Scrapy_redis 之 RedisCrawlSpider

这是scrapy_redis 的第三个案例

先来看初始源码

from scrapy.spiders import Rule
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor

from scrapy_redis.spiders import RedisCrawlSpider


class MyCrawler(RedisCrawlSpider):
    """Spider that reads urls from redis queue (myspider:start_urls)."""
    name = 'mycrawler_redis'
    redis_key = 'mycrawler:start_urls'

    rules = (
        # follow all links
        Rule(LinkExtractor(), callback='parse_page', follow=True),
    )

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Dynamically define the allowed domains list.
        domain = kwargs.pop('domain', '')
        self.allowed_domains = filter(None, domain.split(','))
        super(MyCrawler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def parse_page(self, response):
        return {
            'name': response.css('title::text').extract_first(),
            'url': response.url,
        }

解析源码

配置文件

# 去重
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"
# 调度器
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"
# 调度器持久化
SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True

# 指定redis地址
REDIS_URL = "redis://192.168.226.150:6379"
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'example.pipelines.ExamplePipeline': 300,
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 400, # 保存数据到redis
}

这个案例跟crawlspider的使用差不多，也是没有start_url 改为了 redis_key 

启动方式跟案例二一样。爬虫准备就绪，redis数据库中

lpush 健名 起始url