1 前言
本文主要通过简单的demo
来阐述synchronized
锁的各种用法以及使用synchronized
锁的相关注意事项,记录下来同时也方便自己记忆。
synchronized
锁是jvm内置的锁,不同于ReentrantLock
锁。synchronized
关键字可以修饰方法,也可以修饰代码块。synchronized
关键字修饰方法时可以修饰静态方法,也可以修饰非静态方法;同样,synchronized
关键字修饰代码块时可以修饰对象,也可以修饰类。当然,synchronized
修饰静态方法/类和非静态方法/对象时的作用范围是不同的。下面通过各种demo
来详解synchronized
的各种用法及注意事项。
2 synchronized类锁
这里所说的synchronized
类锁的作用范围是类级别的,不会因为同一个类的不同对象执行而失效。
2.1 synchronized修饰同一个类的两个静态方法时互斥
public class SynchronizeAndClassLock { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { new Thread(() -> { // new了一个ClassLock对象 new ClassLock().test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { // new了另一个ClassLock对象 new ClassLock().test2(); }).start(); } } class ClassLock { public synchronized static void test1(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } // 【注意】public static void test2(){ 不会互斥,因为此时test2没有使用类锁。 public synchronized static void test2(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } }
运行结果:
【结论】两个线程分别同时执行同一个类产生的不同对象的两个不同 synchronized static
方法,类锁生效,虽然是不同对象,因为两个线程使用的是同一个类锁。反过来,假如test2
方法没有synchronized
修饰的话,只有test1
方法有被synchronized
修饰,此时两个方法也不会互斥,一个有锁,一个没有锁,自然不会互斥。
2.2 synchronized分别修饰同一个类的静态方法和当前类时互斥
public class SynchronizeAndClassLock2 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { new Thread(() -> { // new了一个ClassLock2对象 new ClassLock2().test1(); // ClassLock2.test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { // new了另一个ClassLock2对象 new ClassLock2().test2(); // ClassLock2.test2(); }).start(); } } class ClassLock2 { public synchronized static void test1(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } public static void test2(){ // 【注意】synchronized (SynchronizeAndClassLock2.class)不会互斥 synchronized (ClassLock2.class) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } }
运行结果:
【结论】两个线程同时分别执行一个被synchronized修饰static方法,一个有synchnized(该类)代码块的static方法,锁生效,虽然是不同对象,因为两个线程使用的同一个类锁。反过来,如果是修饰的不同类,因为类锁不同,肯定不会互斥,比如将test2
方法的synchronized (ClassLock2.class)
这句代码改成synchronized (SynchronizeAndClassLock2.class)
,此时不会互斥。
2.3 synchronized分别修饰同一个静态对象时互斥
public class SynchronizeAndClassLock10 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { new Thread(() -> { new RunObject1().test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { new RunObject2().test2(); }).start(); } } class RunObject1 { public static void test1(){ // 【1】synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock1) { synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } } class RunObject2 { public static void test2() { // 【2】synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock2) { synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } } class StaticLock2 { public static Object staticLock = new Object(); }
运行结果:
【结论】synchronized
分别修饰同一个类的静态对象时互斥,反过来,如果是修饰不同的静态对象,肯定不会互斥,比如将上面代码中标【1】
和【2】
的synchronized
代码结合使用。
3 synchronized对象锁
这里说的synchronized
对象锁的作用范围是对象级别的即仅仅作用于同一个对象,如果是同一个类的两个不同的对象是不会互斥的,即没有效果的。
3.1 synchronized修饰同一个类对象的两个非静态方法时互斥
public class SynchronizeAndObjectLock2 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // 【注意】当且仅当是同一个SynchronizeAndObjectLock2对象 SynchronizeAndObjectLock2 synchronizeAndObjectLock2 = new SynchronizeAndObjectLock2(); new Thread(() -> { synchronizeAndObjectLock2.test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { synchronizeAndObjectLock2.test2(); }).start(); } public synchronized void test1(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } public synchronized void test2(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } }
运行结果:
【结论】两个线程同时执行被synchronized
修饰的相同对象的不同(相同)方法,锁生效,因为两个线程使用的是相同的对象锁
3.2 synchronized分别修饰同一个类对象的非静态方法和当前对象时互斥
public class SynchronizeAndObjectLock3 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // 【注意】当且仅当是同一个SynchronizeAndObjectLock3对象 SynchronizeAndObjectLock3 synchronizeAndObjectLock3 = new SynchronizeAndObjectLock3(); new Thread(() -> { synchronizeAndObjectLock3.test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { synchronizeAndObjectLock3.test2(); }).start(); } public void test1(){ synchronized(this) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } public synchronized void test2(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } }
运行结果:
【结论】snchronized
修饰非静态方法与synchronized(this)
互斥,可见,snchronized
修饰非静态方法实质锁的是当前对象。
3.3 synchronized修饰不同对象的两个非静态方法时不会互斥
public class SynchronizeAndObjectLock { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { new Thread(() -> { // 这里new 了一个SynchronizeAndObjectLock对象 new SynchronizeAndObjectLock().test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { // 这里new 了另一个SynchronizeAndObjectLock对象 new SynchronizeAndObjectLock().test2(); }).start(); } public synchronized void test1(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } public synchronized void test2(){ System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } }
运行结果:
【结论】两个线程同时执行被synchronized
修饰的不同对象的不同(相同)方法,锁未生效,因为两个线程使用的是不同的对象锁。
3.4 synchronized代码块修饰同一个对象时互斥
public class SynchronizeAndObjectLock5 { private Object objectLock = new Object(); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { SynchronizeAndObjectLock5 synchronizeAndObjectLock5 = new SynchronizeAndObjectLock5(); new Thread(() -> { synchronizeAndObjectLock5.test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { synchronizeAndObjectLock5.test2(); }).start(); } public void test1(){ synchronized(objectLock) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } public void test2(){ synchronized(objectLock) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } }
运行结果:
【结论】synchronized
代码块修饰同一个对象时互斥,若synchronized
代码块修饰的是不同对象,那么不会互斥。
4 synchronized修饰当前类和当前对象时不会互斥
public class ClassAndObjectLock { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { new Thread(() -> { ClassAndObjectLock.test1(); }).start(); new Thread(() -> { new ClassAndObjectLock().test2(); }).start(); } public static void test1(){ synchronized (ClassAndObjectLock.class) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } public void test2(){ synchronized (this) { System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin..."); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) {} System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end..."); } } }
运行结果:
【结论】可见,类锁和对象锁是相互独立的,互不相斥。
5 synchronized锁注意事项
5.1 synchronized锁不能被中断
为了模拟synchronized
锁不可中断,下面先让两个线程进入死锁,然后再用main
线程去中断其中一个线程,看被中断的线程能否释放锁并被唤醒
public class DeadLockCannotInterruptDemo { private static Object lock1 = new Object(); private static Object lock2 = new Object(); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Thread threadA = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronized (lock1) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get lock1"); try { Thread.sleep(10); synchronized (lock2) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get lock2"); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }); Thread threadB = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronized (lock2) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get lock2"); try { Thread.sleep(10); synchronized (lock1) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " get lock1"); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }); threadA.start(); threadB.start(); TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3); System.out.println("main thread begin to interrupt " + threadA.getName() + " and " + threadA.getName() + " will release lock1..."); threadA.interrupt(); } }
运行结果:
【结论】如上图,main
线程中断Thread-0
后,Thread-0
并不会释放锁并醒过来。同样的,ReentrantLock
的tryLock
或lockInterruptibly
是可以被中断的。
5.2 synchronized锁可重入
5.2.1 不同方法,synchronized是可重入的
public class SynchronizeAndReentrant { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { SynchronizeAndReentrant synchronizeAndReentrant = new SynchronizeAndReentrant(); synchronizeAndReentrant.test1(); } public synchronized void test1(){ System.out.println(" test1 method is called..."); test2(); } public synchronized void test2(){ System.out.println(" test2 method is called..."); } }
运行结果:
5.2.2 相同方法,synchronized是可重入的
public class SynchronizeAndReentrant2 { int i = 1; public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { SynchronizeAndReentrant2 synchronizeAndReentrant = new SynchronizeAndReentrant2(); synchronizeAndReentrant.test1(); } public synchronized void test1(){ System.out.println(" test1 method is called " + i++ + "st time..." ); while(i < 5) { test1(); } } }
运行结果:
5.3 synchronized锁不带超时功能
synchronized
锁不带超时功能,而ReentrantLock
的tryLock
是具备带超时功能的,在指定时间没获取到锁,该线程会苏醒,有助于预防死锁的产生。
5.4 唤醒/等待需要synchronized锁
public class NotifyNeedSynchronized { public static Object lock = new Object(); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ // 抛出IllegalMonitorStateException //lock.notify(); lock.wait(); } }
运行结果:
【结论】使用Object
的notify
和wait
等方法时,必须要使用synchronized
锁,否则会抛出IllegalMonitorStateException
。
5.5 使用synchronized锁时尽量缩小范围以保证性能
使用synchronized
锁时,为了尽可能提高性能,我们应该尽量缩小锁的范围。能不锁方法就不锁方法,推荐尽量使用synchronized
代码块来降低锁的范围。以下面的一段netty
源码为例:
// ServerBootstrap.java public <T> ServerBootstrap childOption(ChannelOption<T> childOption, T value) { if (childOption == null) { throw new NullPointerException("childOption"); } if (value == null) { synchronized (childOptions) { childOptions.remove(childOption); } } else { synchronized (childOptions) { childOptions.put(childOption, value); } } return this; }
可见,找到并发访问代码的临界区,并不用synchronized
锁全部代码,尽量避免使用synchronized
来修饰方法。
public class SynchronizeAndClassLock10 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new Thread(() -> {
new RunObject1().test1();
}).start();
new Thread(() -> {
new RunObject2().test2();
}).start();
}
}
class RunObject1 {
public static void test1(){
// 【1】synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock1) {
synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock) {
System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin...");
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (Exception e) {}
System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end...");
}
}
}
class RunObject2 {
public static void test2() {
// 【2】synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock2) {
synchronized (StaticLock2.staticLock) {
System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " begin...");
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (Exception e) {}
System.out.println(new Date() + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end...");
}
}
}
class StaticLock2 {
public static Object staticLock = new Object();
}