SQLalchemy基本使用

　　简介：SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作

　　

　　Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，不同的数据库调用不同的api

MySQL-Python:
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

pymysql:
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

MySQL-Connector:
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

cx_Oracle:
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

　　基本操作：

　　1.链接数据库

import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
#ok1为数据库名称
engine = create_engine(
    "mysql+pymysql://root:123@localhost:3306/ok1?charset=utf8",
    max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
    pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
    pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
    pool_recycle=-1, # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    echo=True  # 显示执行的所有SQL语句
)

　　取完数据自动关闭游标

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)


def task(arg):
    conn = engine.contextual_connect()
    with conn:
        cur = conn.execute(
            "select * from t1"
        )
        result = cur.fetchall()
        print(result)


for i in range(20):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
    t.start()

　　2. 执行原生sql语句

import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
 
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
)
 
 
def task(arg):
conn = engine.raw_connection()
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(
"select * from book"
)
result = cursor.fetchall()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
 
 
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)


def task(arg):
    cur = engine.execute("select * from t1")
    result = cur.fetchall()
    cur.close()
    print(result)


for i in range(20):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
    t.start()

　　3.ORM使用

 　　a.表的创建

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index

Base = declarative_base()


class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
    # email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
    # ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    # extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)

    __table_args__ = (
        # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'),
    )


def init_db():
    """
    根据类创建数据库表
    :return: 
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    """
    根据类删除数据库表
    :return: 
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    drop_db()
    init_db()

创建单表

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

Base = declarative_base()


# ##################### 单表示例 #########################
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    age = Column(Integer, default=18)
    email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)

    __table_args__ = (
        # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )


class Hosts(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'hosts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)


# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
class Hobby(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'hobby'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')


class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')


# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################

class Server2Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server2group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))


class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)


def init_db():
    """
    根据类创建数据库表
    :return: 
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    """
    根据类删除数据库表
    :return: 
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    drop_db()
    init_db()

创建多个表并包含Fk、M2M关系

　　b.数据库的操作

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users,Person,Hobby
engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@localhost:3306/ok1?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# 每次执行数据库操作时，都需要创建一个session，申请一个连接
session = Session()
# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
# obj1 = Users(name="xxx")
# obj2 = Users(name="yyy")
# session.add(obj1)
# session.add(obj2)
# 增加多个项目，用add_all
# session.add_all([
#         Users(name="aaa"),
#         Users(name="bbb")
# ])
# 提交事务
# session.commit()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Person).join(Hobby,Person.hobby_id==Hobby.id,isouter=True)
# ret = session.query(Person).join(Hobby,and_(Person.hobby_id==Hobby.id,Person.id >2),isouter=True)
print(ret)
# 关闭session
session.close()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from db import Users

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)


def task(arg):
    session = Session()

    obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
    session.add(obj1)

    session.commit()


for i in range(10):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
    t.start()

多线程执行示例

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text

from db import Users, Hosts

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# ################ 添加 ################
"""
obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
session.add(obj1)

session.add_all([
    Users(name="wupeiqi"),
    Users(name="alex"),
    Hosts(name="c1.com"),
])
session.commit()
"""

# ################ 删除 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 修改 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 查询 ################
"""
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id"""


session.close()

基本增删改查示例

ps：sqlalchemy session 执行 delete 时 synchronize_session 策略

False
    不同步 session，如果被删除的 objects 已经在 session 中存在，在 session commit 或者 expire_all 之前，这些被删除的对象都存在 session 中。

    不同步可能会导致获取被删除 objects 时出错。

fatch
    删除之前从 db 中匹配被删除的对象并保存在 session 中，然后再从 session 中删除，这样做是为了让 session 的对象管理 identity_map 得知被删除的对象究竟是哪些以便更新引用关系。

 evaluate
    默认值。根据当前的 query criteria 扫描 session 中的 objects，如果不能正确执行则抛出错误，这句话也可以理解为，如果 session 中原本就没有这些被删除的 objects，扫描当然不会发生匹配，相当于匹配未正确执行。

注意这里报错只会在特定 query criteria 时报错，比如 in 操作。

#　条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
    or_(
        Users.id < 2,
        and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
        Users.extra != ""
    )).all()


# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()

# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]

# 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()

# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func

ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()

ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()

# 连表

ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()


# 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

常用操作

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# 查询
# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
# result = cursor.fetchall()

# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)

session.close()

原生SQL语句

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([
    Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),
    Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),
    Person(name='张三', hobby_id=3),
    Person(name='李四', hobby_id=4),
])

person = Person(name='张九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))
session.add(person)

hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')]
session.add(hb)

session.commit()
"""

# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Person).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.hobby.caption)
"""

# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Hobby).first()
print(v.caption)
print(v.pers)
"""

session.close()

基于relationship操作ForeignKey

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([
    Server(hostname='c1.com'),
    Server(hostname='c2.com'),
    Group(name='A组'),
    Group(name='B组'),
])
session.commit()

s2g = Server2Group(server_id=1, group_id=1)
session.add(s2g)
session.commit()


gp = Group(name='C组')
gp.servers = [Server(hostname='c3.com'),Server(hostname='c4.com')]
session.add(gp)
session.commit()


ser = Server(hostname='c6.com')
ser.groups = [Group(name='F组'),Group(name='G组')]
session.add(ser)
session.commit()
"""


# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Group).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.servers)
"""

# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Server).first()
print(v.hostname)
print(v.groups)
"""


session.close()

基于relationship操作m2m

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text, func
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

# 关联子查询
subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
result = session.query(Group.name, subqry)
"""
SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid 
FROM server 
WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1 
FROM `group`
"""


# 原生SQL
"""
# 查询
cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
result = cursor.fetchall()

# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
"""

session.close()

其他