• day47---数据库进阶知识(二)


    数据库进阶知识(二)

    exp:首先创建一个示例表

    create table emp(
        id int not null unique auto_increment,
        name varchar(20) not null,
        sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
        age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
        hire_date date not null,
        post varchar(50),
        post_comment varchar(100),
        salary double(15,2),
        office int,
        depart_id int
    );
    

    插入相应的记录

    #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
    insert into emp(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    ('jason','male',18,'20170301','张江第一帅形象代言',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
    ('tom','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
    ('kevin','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
    ('tony','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
    ('owen','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
    ('jack','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
    ('jenny','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
    ('sank','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
    ('哈哈','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
    ('呵呵','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
    ('西西','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
    ('乐乐','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
    ('拉拉','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
    ('僧龙','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
    ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
    ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
    ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
    ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3);
    

    当表的字段特别多的时候,可以使用G分行展示

    select * from empG;
    

    where筛选条件

    1. 查询ID大于等于3小于等于6 的数据
    way1:
    select * from emp where id >= 3 and id <= 6;
    way2:
    select id as "编号",name as "姓名",sex as "性别" from emp where id between 3 and 6;
    

    1. 查询薪资是20000或者18000或者17000的数据
    way1:
    select * from emp where salary = 20000 or salary = 18000 or salary = 17000;
    
    way2:
    select * from emp where salary in (20000,18000,17000);
    

    1. 查询员工姓名中包含字母o的员工的姓名和薪资
    # 模糊查询
    like % 匹配任意多个字符
         - 匹配任意单个字符
    select name as "姓名",salary as "薪资" from emp where name like "%o%";
    
    类似:查询员工姓名是由4个字符组成的 姓名和薪资
    way1:
    select name as "姓名",salary "薪资" from emp where name like "____";
    way2;
    select name as "姓名",salary "薪资" from emp where char_length(name) = 4;
    
    1. 查询ID<3或者ID>6的数据
    # 使用关键字not
    select * from emp where id not between 3 and 6;
    
    类似:查询薪资不在2000,18000,17000范围的数据
    select * from emp where salary not in (20000,18000,17000);
    
    1. 查询岗位描述为空的员工姓名和岗位名
    # 针对null不能使用等号,而应该使用is
    select name,post from emp where post_comment is NULL;
    

    group by 分组

    # 分组要根据实际的应用场景
    exp:
        男女比例
        新冠病毒分布比例
        部门平均工资
        部门秃头率
        ......
    
    1. 按照部门进行分组
    select * from emp group by post;
    ERROR 1055 (42000): 'day47_practice.emp.id' isn't in GROUP BY
    

    在严格模式下,分组默认只能拿到分组的依据

    # 查看是否处于严格模式
    show variables like "%mode";
    # 设置严格模式
    set global sql_mode = 'strict_trans_tables';
    

    查看分组的依据

    select post from emp group by post;
    

    其他的一些字段需要借助于一些方法(聚合函数)来展示

    """
    关键字:每个、平均、最高、最低
    聚合函数:max min sum count avg
    """
    #1.获取每个部门的最高工资
    select post as "部门",max(salary) as "最高薪资" from emp group by post;
        
    #2.获取每个部门的最低工资
    select post as "部门",min(salary) as "最低薪资" from emp group by post;
    
    #3.获取每个部门的平均工资
    select post as "部门",avg(salary) as "平均薪资" from emp group by post;
    
    #4.获取每个部门的工资总和
    select post as "部门",sum(salary) as "工资总和" from emp group by post;
    
    #5.获取每个部门的人数
    select post as "部门",count(id) as "人数统计" from emp group by post;
    # count统计的是能够标识数据的字段(唯一且不为空,NULL不行)
    
    #6.查询分组之后的部门名称和每个部门下所有的员工姓名
    select post as "部门名称",group_concat(name) as "员工" from emp group by post;
    # group_concat不单单可以支持你获取分组之后的其他字段值,还支持拼接操作
    select post as "部门名称",group_concat(name,':',salary) as "员工" from emp group by post;
    
    #不分组的时候使用concat
    select concat('NAME:',name),concat('SALARY:',salary) from emp;
    
    #补充:as语法不仅仅可以给字段起别名,还可以给表临时起别名
    
    #7.查询每个人的年薪(12薪)
    select name as "姓名",post as "部门",salary*12 as "年薪" from emp;
    

    group分组注意事项

    #关键字where和group同时出现的时候group by必须在where后面
    #where先对整体数据进行过滤在进行分组操作
    #where的筛选条件不能使用聚合函数
    

    exp:统计各个部门年龄在30岁以上的员工的平均工资

    select post as "部门名称",avg(salary) as "平均薪资" from emp where age > 30 group by post;
    

    having分组之后的筛选条件

    """
    having 的语法与 where是一致的,
    不过where是做的分组之前的过滤操作
    而having是做的分组之后的过滤操作
    having是可以直接使用聚合函数的
    """
    
    1. 统计各个部门年龄在30岁以上的员工平均工资,并保留平均工资大于10000的部门
    select post as "部门名称",avg(salary) as "平均工资" from emp where age > 30 group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
    

    distinct去重

    #注意:必须是完全一样的数据才能够去重(即若筛选字段包含主键的话,是无法完成去重的)
    
    ORM 对象关系映射
    """
    表                        类
    一条条数据                 对象
    字段对应的值               对象的属性
    """
    
    select distinct age from emp;
    

    order by排序

    """
    order by默认是升序  asc 该asc可以省略不写
    也可以修改为降序     desc
    """
    

    exp:统计各部门年龄在10岁以上的员工平均工资并且保留平均薪资大于1000的部门,然后对平均工资降序排序

    select post as "部门名称",avg(salary) as "平均工资" from emp where age > 10 group by post having avg(salary) > 1000 order by avg(salary) desc;
    

    limit限制展示条数

    """
    针对数据过多的情况下,我们通常是做分页处理
    """
    
    limit 起始位置,展示条数
    
    exp:
        select * from emp limit 3;# 只展示3条数据
    
    select * from emp limit 0,5;
    select * from emp limit 5,5;
    

    正则操作

    select * from emp where name regexp '^j.*(n|y)$';
    

    多表操作

    • 数据准备
    create table dep(
    id int,
    name varchar(20) 
    );
    
    create table emp(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
    age int,
    dep_id int
    );
    
    #插入数据
    insert into dep values
    (200,'技术'),
    (201,'人力资源'),
    (202,'销售'),
    (203,'运营');
    
    insert into emp(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
    ('jason','male',18,200),
    ('egon','female',48,201),
    ('kevin','male',18,201),
    ('nick','male',28,202),
    ('owen','male',18,203),
    ('jerry','female',18,204);
    

    表查询

    # 笛卡尔积
    select * from emp,dep;
    
    # 拼表操作
    select * from emp,dep where emp.dep_id = dep.id; # 等价于内连接
    
    """
    四种拼表方法:
    1.inner join 内连接
    2.left join 左连接
    3.right join 右连接
    4.union 全连接
    """
    
    #inner join:只拼接两张表中公有的数据部分
    select * from emp inner join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
    
    # left join:左表所有的数据都展示出来 没有对应的项就用NULL
    select * from emp left join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
    
    # right join:右表所有的数据都展示出来 没有对应的项就用NULL
    select * from emp right join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
    
    # union: 左右两表所有的数据都展示出来
    select * from emp left join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id
    union
    select * from emp right join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
    
    

    嵌套查询

    将一个查询语句的结果当做另外一个查询语句的条件去用
    

    exp:查询部门是技术或者人力资源的员工信息

    select * from emp where dep_id in (select id from dep where name in ('技术','人力资源'));
    

    总结

    表的查询结果可以作为其他表的查询条件
    也可以通过起别名的方式把它作为一个张虚拟表根其他表关联
    
    """
    多表查询就两种方式
    	先拼接表再查询
    	子查询 一步一步来
    """
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/surpass123/p/12836896.html
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