java并发：线程池之ScheduledExecutorService

Executors

java.util.concurrent下的Executors工具类提供了如下几个方法，代码如下：

    /**
     * Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
     * to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * {@code newScheduledThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     *
     * @return the newly created scheduled executor
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor() {
        return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
            (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
     * to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.  (Note
     * however that if this single thread terminates due to a failure
     * during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its
     * place if needed to execute subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are
     * guaranteed to execute sequentially, and no more than one task
     * will be active at any given time. Unlike the otherwise
     * equivalent {@code newScheduledThreadPool(1, threadFactory)}
     * the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to
     * use additional threads.
     *
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
     * @return the newly created scheduled executor
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
            (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, threadFactory));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle
     * @return the newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     * creates a new thread
     * @return the newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(
            int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize, threadFactory);
    }

解读：

上述代码片段中的前两个方法均构造了DelegatedScheduledExecutorService的实例，其定义如下：

    /**
     * A wrapper class that exposes only the ScheduledExecutorService
     * methods of a ScheduledExecutorService implementation.
     */
    private static class DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
            extends DelegatedExecutorService
            implements ScheduledExecutorService {
        private final ScheduledExecutorService e;
        DelegatedScheduledExecutorService(ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
            super(executor);
            e = executor;
        }
        public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
            return e.schedule(command, delay, unit);
        }
        public <V> ScheduledFuture<V> schedule(Callable<V> callable, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
            return e.schedule(callable, delay, unit);
        }
        public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit unit) {
            return e.scheduleAtFixedRate(command, initialDelay, period, unit);
        }
        public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
            return e.scheduleWithFixedDelay(command, initialDelay, delay, unit);
        }
    }

解读：

从DelegatedScheduledExecutorService的定义可以看出，其schedule方法依赖于具体的ScheduledExecutorService，即前述代码片段中构造的ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor实例

ScheduledExecutorService

ScheduledExecutorService的类图如下：

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor的类图如下：

解读：

据上图可知，ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor继承了ThreadPoolExecutor。

上图中的DelayedWorkQueue是线程池队列，与 DelayedQueue类似，是一个延迟队列，其定义如下：

    /**
     * Specialized delay queue. To mesh with TPE declarations, this
     * class must be declared as a BlockingQueue<Runnable> even though
     * it can only hold RunnableScheduledFutures.
     */
    static class DelayedWorkQueue extends AbstractQueue<Runnable>
        implements BlockingQueue<Runnable> {

上图中的ScheduledFutureTask是具有返回值的任务，继承了 FutureTask，定义如下：

    private class ScheduledFutureTask<V>
            extends FutureTask<V> implements RunnableScheduledFuture<V> {

关于ScheduledFutureTask的细节，请查阅本文后续内容。

构造函数

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor的构造函数的定义如下：

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
     * given core pool size.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
              DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
     * given initial parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     *        creates a new thread
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code threadFactory} is null
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                                       ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
              DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue(), threadFactory);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
     * given initial parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
     *        because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code handler} is null
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                                       RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
              DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue(), handler);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
     * given initial parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     *        creates a new thread
     * @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
     *        because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code threadFactory} or
     *         {@code handler} is null
     */
    public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                                       ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                                       RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
        super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
              DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
              new DelayedWorkQueue(), threadFactory, handler);
    }

解读：

上述构造函数的差异在于是否指定ThreadFactory、RejectedExecutionHandler，然而它们最终都是调用父类ThreadPoolExecutor的构造函数来完成对应线程池的创建

schedule方法

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor的submit、execute方法均调用了schedule方法，代码如下：

    /**
     * Executes {@code command} with zero required delay.
     * This has effect equivalent to
     * {@link #schedule(Runnable,long,TimeUnit) schedule(command, 0, anyUnit)}.
     * Note that inspections of the queue and of the list returned by
     * {@code shutdownNow} will access the zero-delayed
     * {@link ScheduledFuture}, not the {@code command} itself.
     *
     * <p>A consequence of the use of {@code ScheduledFuture} objects is
     * that {@link ThreadPoolExecutor#afterExecute afterExecute} is always
     * called with a null second {@code Throwable} argument, even if the
     * {@code command} terminated abruptly.  Instead, the {@code Throwable}
     * thrown by such a task can be obtained via {@link Future#get}.
     *
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException at discretion of
     *         {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}, if the task
     *         cannot be accepted for execution because the
     *         executor has been shut down
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void execute(Runnable command) {
        schedule(command, 0, NANOSECONDS);
    }

    // Override AbstractExecutorService methods

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) {
        return schedule(task, 0, NANOSECONDS);
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) {
        return schedule(Executors.callable(task, result), 0, NANOSECONDS);
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
        return schedule(task, 0, NANOSECONDS);
    }

解读：

需要注意的是这几个方法均没法指定延时或者周期

schedule方法的定义如下：

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command,
                                       long delay,
                                       TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableScheduledFuture<Void> t = decorateTask(command,
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command, null,
                                          triggerTime(delay, unit),
                                          sequencer.getAndIncrement()));
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public <V> ScheduledFuture<V> schedule(Callable<V> callable,
                                           long delay,
                                           TimeUnit unit) {
        if (callable == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableScheduledFuture<V> t = decorateTask(callable,
            new ScheduledFutureTask<V>(callable,
                                       triggerTime(delay, unit),
                                       sequencer.getAndIncrement()));
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

解读：

schedule方法的运行方式是一次性的，不是定时反复执行

scheduleAtFixedRate、scheduleWithFixedDelay

如果需要周期性的执行某个任务，则需要使用如下两个方法，其定义如下：

    /**
     * Submits a periodic action that becomes enabled first after the
     * given initial delay, and subsequently with the given period;
     * that is, executions will commence after
     * {@code initialDelay}, then {@code initialDelay + period}, then
     * {@code initialDelay + 2 * period}, and so on.
     *
     * <p>The sequence of task executions continues indefinitely until
     * one of the following exceptional completions occur:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The task is {@linkplain Future#cancel explicitly cancelled}
     * via the returned future.
     * <li>Method {@link #shutdown} is called and the {@linkplain
     * #getContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy policy on
     * whether to continue after shutdown} is not set true, or method
     * {@link #shutdownNow} is called; also resulting in task
     * cancellation.
     * <li>An execution of the task throws an exception.  In this case
     * calling {@link Future#get() get} on the returned future will throw
     * {@link ExecutionException}, holding the exception as its cause.
     * </ul>
     * Subsequent executions are suppressed.  Subsequent calls to
     * {@link Future#isDone isDone()} on the returned future will
     * return {@code true}.
     *
     * <p>If any execution of this task takes longer than its period, then
     * subsequent executions may start late, but will not concurrently
     * execute.
     *
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException   {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(Runnable command,
                                                  long initialDelay,
                                                  long period,
                                                  TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (period <= 0L)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        ScheduledFutureTask<Void> sft =
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command,
                                          null,
                                          triggerTime(initialDelay, unit),
                                          unit.toNanos(period),
                                          sequencer.getAndIncrement());
        RunnableScheduledFuture<Void> t = decorateTask(command, sft);
        sft.outerTask = t;
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

    /**
     * Submits a periodic action that becomes enabled first after the
     * given initial delay, and subsequently with the given delay
     * between the termination of one execution and the commencement of
     * the next.
     *
     * <p>The sequence of task executions continues indefinitely until
     * one of the following exceptional completions occur:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The task is {@linkplain Future#cancel explicitly cancelled}
     * via the returned future.
     * <li>Method {@link #shutdown} is called and the {@linkplain
     * #getContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy policy on
     * whether to continue after shutdown} is not set true, or method
     * {@link #shutdownNow} is called; also resulting in task
     * cancellation.
     * <li>An execution of the task throws an exception.  In this case
     * calling {@link Future#get() get} on the returned future will throw
     * {@link ExecutionException}, holding the exception as its cause.
     * </ul>
     * Subsequent executions are suppressed.  Subsequent calls to
     * {@link Future#isDone isDone()} on the returned future will
     * return {@code true}.
     *
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException   {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(Runnable command,
                                                     long initialDelay,
                                                     long delay,
                                                     TimeUnit unit) {
        if (command == null || unit == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (delay <= 0L)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        ScheduledFutureTask<Void> sft =
            new ScheduledFutureTask<Void>(command,
                                          null,
                                          triggerTime(initialDelay, unit),
                                          -unit.toNanos(delay),
                                          sequencer.getAndIncrement());
        RunnableScheduledFuture<Void> t = decorateTask(command, sft);
        sft.outerTask = t;
        delayedExecute(t);
        return t;
    }

ScheduledFutureTask

由于ScheduledFutureTask是延迟任务，所以其实现了 long getDelay(TimeUnit unit)和 int compareTo(Delayed other) 方法。

getDelay 用于计算当前任务还有多少时间过期。

compareTo 的作用是加入元素到延迟队列后，在内部建立或者调整堆时会使用该元素的 compareTo 方法与队列里面其他元素进行比较，让最快要过期的元素放到队首。

构造函数

ScheduledFutureTask的构造函数如下：

        /**
         * Creates a one-shot action with given nanoTime-based trigger time.
         */
        ScheduledFutureTask(Runnable r, V result, long triggerTime,
                            long sequenceNumber) {
            super(r, result);
            this.time = triggerTime;
            this.period = 0;
            this.sequenceNumber = sequenceNumber;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a periodic action with given nanoTime-based initial
         * trigger time and period.
         */
        ScheduledFutureTask(Runnable r, V result, long triggerTime,
                            long period, long sequenceNumber) {
            super(r, result);
            this.time = triggerTime;
            this.period = period;
            this.sequenceNumber = sequenceNumber;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a one-shot action with given nanoTime-based trigger time.
         */
        ScheduledFutureTask(Callable<V> callable, long triggerTime,
                            long sequenceNumber) {
            super(callable);
            this.time = triggerTime;
            this.period = 0;
            this.sequenceNumber = sequenceNumber;
        }

解读：

此代码片段的前两个构造函数通过调用父类FutureTask的特定构造函数将Runnable类型参数转换为Callable类型，对应代码如下：

    /**
     * Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
     * given {@code Callable}.
     *
     * @param  callable the callable task
     * @throws NullPointerException if the callable is null
     */
    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
        if (callable == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.callable = callable;
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
     * given {@code Runnable}, and arrange that {@code get} will return the
     * given result on successful completion.
     *
     * @param runnable the runnable task
     * @param result the result to return on successful completion. If
     * you don't need a particular result, consider using
     * constructions of the form:
     * {@code Future<?> f = new FutureTask<Void>(runnable, null)}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the runnable is null
     */
    public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }

任务类型

ScheduledFutureTask 内部有一个变量 period 用来表示任务的类型，对应定义如下： 

        /**
         * Period for repeating tasks, in nanoseconds.
         * A positive value indicates fixed-rate execution.
         * A negative value indicates fixed-delay execution.
         * A value of 0 indicates a non-repeating (one-shot) task.
         */
        private final long period;

run方法

对应定义如下：

        /**
         * Overrides FutureTask version so as to reset/requeue if periodic.
         */
        public void run() {
            if (!canRunInCurrentRunState(this))
                cancel(false);
            else if (!isPeriodic())
                super.run();
            else if (super.runAndReset()) {
                setNextRunTime();
                reExecutePeriodic(outerTask);
            }
        }

小结：