• PythonWEB框架之Flask


    前言:

    Django:1个重武器,包含了web开发中常用的功能、组件的框架;(ORM、Session、Form、Admin、分页、中间件、信号、缓存、ContenType....);

    Tornado:2大特性就是异步非阻塞、原生支持WebSocket协议

    Flask:封装功能不及Django完善性能不及Tornado,但是Flask的第三方开源组件比丰富http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/

    Bottle:比较简单;

    总结:

    都不是我写的!!!不论优劣,不同的工具而已;

    小型web应用设计的功能点不多使用Flask;

    大型web应用设计的功能点比较多使用的组件也会比较多,使用Django(自带功能多不用去找插件);

    如果追求性能可以考虑Tornado;

    Flask的socket是基于Werkzeug 实现的,模板语言依赖jinja2模板,在使用Flask之前需要安装一下;

    pip3 install flask           #安装flask
    from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response  # Flask的socket使用werkzeug实现,所以要导入 werkzeug
    
    @Request.application
    
    def hellow(request):
        return Response('Hello World')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
        run_simple('localhost',400,hellow)
    werkzeug

    Flask简单使用

    from flask import Flask
    
    app=Flask(__name__) #创建1个Flask实例
    
    @app.route('/')      #路由系统生成 视图对应url,1. decorator=app.route() 2. decorator(first_flask)
    def first_flask():    #视图函数
        return 'Hello World'  #response
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()              #启动socket
    View Code

    一、配置文件

    app=Flask(__name__,template_folder='templates',static_url_path='/static/',static_path='/zhanggen')

    模板路径: template_folder='templates'

    静态文件路径:static_url_path='/static/'

    静态文件引入别名:static_path='/zhanggen'

    设置为调试环境:app.debug=True (代码修改自动更新)

    设置json编码格式 如果为False 就不使用ascii编码:app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII']=False 

    设置响应头信息Content-Type   app.config['JSONIFY_MIMETYPE'] ="application/json;charset=utf-8"  (注意 ;charset=utf-8)

    二、路由系统

    1.动态路由(url传参)

    @app.route('/user/<name>')

    from flask import Flask
    
    app=Flask(__name__)
    
    @app.route('/<name>')  #设置url传参数 http://127.0.0.1:5000/zhanggen
    def first_flask(name):  #视图必须有对应接收参数
        print(name)
        return 'Hello World'  #response
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    接收字符串类型参数

    @app.route('/post/<int:age>')

    #接收整型数字参数
    app=Flask(__name__)
    @app.route('/<int:age>/')  #设置url传参数 http://127.0.0.1:5000/18/
    def first_flask(age):  #视图必须有对应接收参数
        print(age)
        return 'Hello World'  #response
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    接收整型数字参数

    @app.route('/post/<float:salary>')

    #接收浮点型型数字参数
    app=Flask(__name__)
    @app.route('/<float:salary>/')  #设置url传参数http://127.0.0.1:5000/2345555.8889/
    def first_flask(salary):  #视图必须有对应接收参数
        print(salary)
        return 'Hello World'  #response
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    接收浮点型数字参数

    @app.route('/post/<path:path>')

    # 接收URL链接类型参数
    app=Flask(__name__)
    @app.route('/<path:url>/')  #设置url传参数:http://127.0.0.1:5000/http://www.baiu.com/
    def first_flask(url):  #视图必须有对应接收参数
        print(url)
        return 'Hello World'  #response
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    接收URL链接类型参数

    2、指定允许的请求方法

    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) 

    # 指定允许的请求方法
    app=Flask(__name__)
    @app.route('/<path:url>/',methods=['get']) #只允许get请求
    def first_flask(url):
        print(url)
        return 'Hello World'  #response
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    指定允许的请求方法

    3、通过别名反向生成url

    #反向生成url
    from flask import Flask,url_for
    app=Flask(__name__)
    @app.route('/<path:url>',endpoint='name1')
    def first_flask(url):
        print(url_for('name1',url=url)) #如果设置了url参数,url_for(别名,加参数)
        return 'Hello World'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    url_for()反向生成url

    4、通过app.add_url_rule()调用路由

    #方式2通过app.add_url_rule()方法的方式调用路由
    app=Flask(__name__)
    
    def first_flask():
        return 'Hello World' 
    
    app.add_url_rule(rule='/index/',endpoint='name1',view_func=first_flask,methods=['GET'])
    #app.add_url_rule(rule=访问的url,endpoint=路由别名,view_func=视图名称,methods=[允许访问的方法])
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    app.add_url_rule()方法调用路由

    5、扩展路由功能:正则匹配url

    如果需要一些复杂的匹配规则可以自定义正则匹配url

        from flask import Flask, views, url_for
                from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
    
                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
    
    
                class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
                    """
                    自定义URL匹配正则表达式
                    """
                    def __init__(self, map, regex):
                        super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
                        self.regex = regex
    
                    def to_python(self, value):
                        """
                        路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
                        :param value: 
                        :return: 
                        """
                        return int(value)
    
                    def to_url(self, value):
                        """
                        使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
                        :param value: 
                        :return: 
                        """
                        val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
                        return val
    
                # 添加到flask中
                app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    
    
                @app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>')
                def index(nid):
                    print(url_for('index', nid='888'))
                    return 'Index'
    
    
                if __name__ == '__main__':
                    app.run()
    自定义正则表达式匹配路由

    四、视图

    1、给Flask视图函数加装饰器

    注意如果要给视图函数加装饰器增加新功能,一点要加在路由装饰器下面,才会被路由装饰器装饰,才能生生成url关系;

    #给Flask视图加装饰器
    #1、定义1个装饰器
    
    def auth(func):
        print('我在上面')
        def inner(*args,**kwargs):
            return func(*args,**kwargs)
        return inner
    
    
    app=Flask(__name__)
    
    @app.route('/',methods=['GET'])
    @auth #注意如果要给视图函数加装饰器,一点要加在路由装饰器下面,才会被路由装饰器装饰
    def first_flask():
        print('ffff')
        return 'Hello World'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    View Code

    2、request和response

     a.请求相关信息

    request.method: 获取请求方法

    request.json

    request.json.get("json_key"):获取json数据 **较常用      

    request.argsget('name') :获取get请求参数   

    request.form.get('name') :获取POST请求参数

    request.form.getlist('name_list'):获取POST请求参数列表(多个)

    request.values.get('age') :获取GET和POST请求携带的所有参数(GET/POST通用)

    request.cookies.get('name'):获取cookies信息

    request.headers.get('Host'):获取请求头相关信息

    request.path:获取用户访问的url地址,例如(/,/login/,/ index/);

    request.full_path:获取用户访问的完整url地址+参数 例如(/login/?age=18)

    request.script_root: 抱歉,暂未理解其含义;

    request.url:获取访问url地址,例如http://127.0.0.1:5000/?age=18;

    request.base_url:获取访问url地址,例如 http://127.0.0.1:5000/;

    request.url_root

    request.host_url

    request.host:获取主机地址

    request.files:获取用户上传的文件

    obj = request.files['the_file_name']

    obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))  直接保存

     

     b、响应相关信息

    return "字符串" :响应字符串

    return render_template('html模板路径',**{}):响应模板

    return redirect('/index.html'):跳转页面

    响应json数据

    方式1: return jsonify(user_list) 

    app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII']=False  #指定json编码格式 如果为False 就不使用ascii编码,
    app.config['JSONIFY_MIMETYPE'] ="application/json;charset=utf-8" #指定浏览器渲染的文件类型,和解码格式;
    配置

    方式2:

    return Response(data,mimetype="application/json;charset=utf-8",)

    如果需要设置响应头就需要借助make_response()方法

    from flask import Flask,request,make_response           

    response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))

    response是flask.wrappers.Response类型

    response.delete_cookie('key')

    response.set_cookie('key', 'value')

    response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'

    return respons

    3 、Flask之CBV视图

    #CBV视图
    from flask import Flask,url_for,views
    #-----------------------------------------------------
    app=Flask(__name__)               #装饰器
    
    def auth(func):
        print('我在上面')
        def inner(*args,**kwargs):
            return func(*args,**kwargs)
        return inner
    #--------------------------------------------------------
    class IndexView(views.MethodView):  #CBV视图
        methods=['GET']                #允许的http请求方法(改CBV只允许GET方法)
        decorators = [auth,]            #每次请求过来都加auth装饰器
    
        def get(self):
            return 'Index.GET'
        def post(self):
            return 'Index.POST'
    
    app.add_url_rule('/index/',view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='name1')) #(name='name1'反向生成url别名
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    CBV视图

     

    五、模板语言

    Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别(Django的模板语言参考Jinja2)

    1.引用静态文件

    方式1:别名引入

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/zhanggen/commons.css">

    方式2:url_for()方法引入

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{  url_for('static',filename='commons.css')  }}">

    2.模板语言引用上下文对象

    变量

    <h1>{{user_list}}</h1> <!--变量 -->
    View Code

    循环、索引取值

    <ul>
    {% for user in user_list %}   <!--循环 -->
        <li>{{user}}</li>
    {% endfor %}
    
    {{user_list.0}}             <!-- 索引取值-->
    
    </ul>
    View Code

    Flask的Jinjia2可以通过Context 把视图中的函数传递把模板语言中执行,这就是Django中的simple_tag和simple_fifter;

    simple_tag(只能传2个参数,支持for、if)

    @app.template_global()   #simple_tag
    def foo(arg):
        return '<input type="text">'
    视图
    <h1>{{foo(1)|safe}}</h1>                   <!--Flask的模板语言支持simple_tag-->
    模板语言

    simple_fifter(对参数个数无限制,不支持for、if)

    @app.template_filter()  #simple_fifter
    def foo1(arg1,arg2,arg3):
        return arg1+arg2+arg3
    视图
    <h1> {{ 'alex'|foo1('s ','b',) }}  </h1>     <!-- simple_fifter -->
    模板语言

    3.wtform(flask表单验证插件)

    3.0.简介

     wtformWTForms是一个支持多个web框架的form组件,主要对用户请求数据 进行表单验证

    3.1. 安装

    pip install wtforms  #安装wtfroms插件

    3.2.简单使用

    wtforms和Django自带的form验证插件功能相同,使用起来大同小异;

    用户登录页面验证

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import core
    from wtforms.fields import html5
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    
    app=Flask(__name__,template_folder='templates') #知道模板文件
    app.debug=True
    
    #登录验证实例
    class LoginForm(Form):
    
        #不同的字段 内部包含正则表达式 html5.EmailField | html5.DateTimeField...
        name=simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[                                #验证规则和错误提示信息
                validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(),                 #前端页面显示的插件.TextArea
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}      #设置form标签的class信息
    
            )
    
        # 不同的字段 内部包含正则表达式  html5.EmailField | html5.DateTimeField...
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=8, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d'),
                #自定义验证规则
                validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-zd$@$!%*?&]{8,}",
                                  message='密码至少8个字符,至少1个大写字母,1个小写字母,1个数字和1个特殊字符')
    
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
    
    
    @app.route('/login/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = LoginForm()     #实例化 form验证类
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate(): #判断是否验证成功?
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    app01.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>登录</h1>
    <form method="post" novalidate>
        <!--<input type="text" name="name">-->
        <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p>
    
        <!--<input type="password" name="pwd">-->
        <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p>
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    
    login.html
    login.html

    用户注册页面验证 

    #用户注册
    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import core
    from wtforms.fields import html5
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    app.debug = True
    
    
    
    class RegisterForm(Form):
        name = simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired()
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'},
            default='张根'                                             #设置input标签中默认值
        )
    
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.')
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField(                                #第二次输入密码
            label='重复密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'),
                validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致")  #验证2次输入的密码是否一致?
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        email = html5.EmailField(
            label='邮箱',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'),
                validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'),    #生成email input标签
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        gender = core.RadioField(
            label='性别',
            choices=(                                        #choice radio选项
                (1, ''),
                (2, ''),
            ),
            coerce=int                                       #讲用户提交过来的 '4' 强制转成 int 4
        )
        city = core.SelectField(
            label='城市',
            choices=(
                ('bj', '北京'),
                ('sh', '上海'),
            )
        )
    
        hobby = core.SelectMultipleField(                      #select 下拉框多选框
            label='爱好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            coerce=int
        )
    
        favor = core.SelectMultipleField(
            label='喜好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False),        #生成Checkbox 多选框
            option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(),
            coerce=int,
            default=[1, 2]
        )
    
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):                        #重写form验证类的__init__方法可以实时同步数据中数据
            super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球'))
    
    
        def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field):                       #wtforms验证 钩子函数
            """
            自定义pwd_confirm字段规则,例:与pwd字段是否一致
            :param field:
            :return:
            """
            # 最开始初始化时,self.data中已经有所有的值
    
            if field.data != self.data['pwd']:
                # raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证
                raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致")  # 不再继续后续验证
    
    
    @app.route('/register/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def register():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 1})  #默认值
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate():
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
    
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    app02.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>用户注册</h1>
    <form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0  50px">
        {% for item in form %}
        <p>{{item.label}}: {{item}} {{item.errors[0] }}</p>
        {% endfor %}
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    register.html

    3.2.wtforms源码 猜想....

    A.自动生成html标签

    先来分析一下form验证类的结构

    LoginForm类中包含了2个字段: name 和 pwd,而name / pwd字段 = 对象,所以LoginForm 类包含了2个对象;

    如果实例化了obj=LoginForm() 就等于 在 这1个对象中嵌套了 2个对象;

    前端使用Form验证插件:

    那如果在前端for循环LoginForm对象,就等于调用LoginForm对象的__iter__方法,把每个字段(对象)封装的数据 返回

    如果前端{{ obj }}= 直接调用了字段对象的__str__方法;

    class InputText(object):  #插件
        def __str__(self):
            return '<input type="text" />'
    
    class InputPassword(object):
        def __str__(self):
            return '<input type="password" />'
    
    #-----------------------------------------------------------
    class StringField(object):  #字段
        def __init__(self,wg):
            self.widget=wg
    
        def __str__(self):      #调用插件的__str__
            return str(self.widget)
    
    class DateField(object):
        def __init__(self, wg):
            self.widget = wg
    
        def __str__(self):
            return str(self.widget)
    
    
    #--------------------------------------------------------------
    class LoginForm(object):                #统一 灵活接口 (对象嵌套对象,多层封装)
        name=StringField(wg=InputText())     #wg=InputText() 对象  StringField(wg=InputText())对象
        pwd=DateField(wg=InputPassword())
    
    
    l_obj=LoginForm()
    
    print(l_obj.name)
    print(l_obj.pwd)
    调用关系

    B.数据校验

    后台定义好正则

    用户发来数据

    对数据进行校验

    3.3.源码流程

    生成HTML标签并显示

    1.验证类(LogibForm)生成

    1.1.由于 metaclass=FormMeta,所以LoginForm是由FormMeta创建的

    '''
    class BaseForm():
        pass
    
    class NewBase(BaseForm,metaclass=FormMeta,):
        pass
        
    class Form(NewBase):
        pass
    
    class LoginForm(Form):
        pass
        
    '''
    
    class Form(with_metaclass(FormMeta,BaseForm)):
    View Code

    1.2.执行FormMeta 的__init__方法,在LoginForm中添加2个静态字段

    class FormMeta(type):
        """
        The metaclass for `Form` and any subclasses of `Form`.
    
        `FormMeta`'s responsibility is to create the `_unbound_fields` list, which
        is a list of `UnboundField` instances sorted by their order of
        instantiation.  The list is created at the first instantiation of the form.
        If any fields are added/removed from the form, the list is cleared to be
        re-generated on the next instantiation.
    
        Any properties which begin with an underscore or are not `UnboundField`
        instances are ignored by the metaclass.
        """
        def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
            type.__init__(cls, name, bases, attrs) #继承type的功能
            cls._unbound_fields = None             #在LoginForm中添加1个静态字段
            cls._wtforms_meta = None               #在LoginForm中添加1个静态字段
    View Code

    1.3.开始解释LoginForm中的 实例化字段对象name=simple.StringField()simple.PasswordField()

    StringField/PasswordField开始实例化(提到实例化就应该想到:指定元类的__call__、自己/父类的__new__、__init__):

    StringField/PasswordField是默认元类,自己没有__new__和__init__方法;

    但父类Field类中有__new__方法,所以执行父类的__new__(Field.__new__)返回UnboundField对象

     
    
     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):#执行__new__方法
            if '_form' in kwargs and '_name' in kwargs:
                return super(Field, cls).__new__(cls)
            else:
                #我x 没想到 ! __new__既然返回了1个 UnboundField()而不是StringField/PasswordField对象;狸猫换了太子 ?
                return UnboundField(cls, *args, **kwargs)
    Field.__new__()

    由于Field.__new__方法返回了 1个 UnboundField对象,来看 UnboundField的__init__方法

    class UnboundField(object):
        _formfield = True
        creation_counter = 0                   #静态字段 设置计数器
    
        def __init__(self, field_class, *args, **kwargs): #field_class=.StringField / PasswordField
                                                         #获取到field_class 的 参数封装到 UnboundField对象中,并且设置 排序  'creation_counter': 2
    
            UnboundField.creation_counter += 1              #每实例化1个 UnboundField对象 计数器+1
            self.field_class = field_class
            self.args = args
            self.kwargs = kwargs                #{'label': '用户名', 'validators': [<wtforms.validators.DataRequired object at 0x00000000038EF080>, <wtforms.validators.Length object at 0x00000000038EF0F0>], 'widget': <wtforms.widgets.core.TextInput object at 0x00000000038EF0B8>, 'render_kw': {'class': 'form-control'}}
            self.creation_counter = UnboundField.creation_counter#
    
            '''
            print(self.__dict__)  
            {
             'field_class': <class 'wtforms.fields.simple.PasswordField'>,
             'args': (),
             'kwargs': {'label': '密码', 'validators': [<wtforms.validators.DataRequired object at 0x00000000038EF198>, <wtforms.validators.Length object at 0x00000000038EF1D0>, <wtforms.validators.Regexp object at 0x00000000038EF208>], 'widget': <wtforms.widgets.core.PasswordInput object at 0x00000000038EF2B0>,
             'render_kw': {'class': 'form-control'}},
              'creation_counter': 2
              }
            
            '''
    UnboundField.__init__

    UnboundField的__init__方法在 UnboundField对象中封装了Field类的参数和计数器,所以现在LoginForml类中封装数据如下

    """
    print(LoginForm.__dict__)
    LoginForm ={
        '__module__': '__main__', 
        'name': <1 UnboundField(StringField, (),{'creation_counter': 1, 'label': '用户名', 'validators': [<wtforms.validators.DataRequired object at 0x00000000037DAEB8>, <wtforms.validators.Length object at 0x000000000382B048>], 'widget': <wtforms.widgets.core.TextInput object at 0x000000000382B080>, 'render_kw': {'class': 'form-control'}  })>, 
        'pwd': <2 UnboundField(PasswordField, (),{'creation_counter': 2,'label': '密码', 'validators': [<wtforms.validators.DataRequired object at 0x000000000382B0F0>, <wtforms.validators.Length object at 0x000000000382B128>, <wtforms.validators.Regexp object at 0x000000000382B160>], 'widget': <wtforms.widgets.core.PasswordInput object at 0x000000000382B208>, 'render_kw': {'class': 'form-control'}})>, 
        '__doc__': None, 
        '_unbound_fields': None, 
        '_wtforms_meta': None,
    }
    """

    启发:

    不一定要把代码都写在当前类中,如过多个类和类之间有同性方法、属性可以抽出来集中到父类之中;子类继承父类所以子类实例化对象之后,继承享有2者的属性和方法;所以看源码遇到继承一点要注意 观察父类;

    每个对象实例化(在排除MetaClass的情况下)都会执行 父类的__new__方法,再去执行__init__方法;而__new__实质性决定了实例化出来的对象是神马?

    class Queen(object):
        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):  #类中__new__方法决定了类(),实例化出什么对象;
            return Cat('狸猫','','太子')
    
        def __init__(self,name):           #由于__nwe__方法返回了其他对象,所以不会执行Queen的__init__方法
            print('ok')
            self.name=name
    
    
    
    Prince=Queen('王子')
    print(Prince.name)
    print(Prince.gender)
    print(Prince.identity)
    狸猫换太子

    2.LoginForm实例化

    谈到类实例化应该先检查该类是否指定了 Meta类,如果指定了Meta类, 就需要先执行 (指定元类的__call__、自己/父类的__new__、__init__)

    21.执行FormMeta的__call__方法,赋值LoginForm的_unbound_fields 和 _wtforms_meta属性;

    根据unbound对象的creation_counter属性对 LoginForm中的字段进行排序,并填充到 LoginForm的_unbound_fields属性中

    根据 LoginForm的__mro__继承顺序:获取当前类(FormLogin)所有父类,并在每个父类中 提取Meta属性添加到列表,转成元组,最后创建Meta类让其继承,赋值LoginForm._wtforms_meta属性

     def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            if cls._unbound_fields is None:      #在创建类时 已经设置LoginForm的_unbound_fields为空
                fields = []
                                                    # 获取LoginForm类中,中所有属性的key:[ '_get_translations', '_unbound_fields', '_wtforms_met,'name', 'populate_obj', 'process', 'pwd', 'validate'..... ]
                for name in dir(cls):
                    if not name.startswith('_'):   #排除__下划线的私有属性 name. pwd
                        unbound_field = getattr(cls, name) #cls =LoginForm类 #根据key 获取unbound_field 对象
                        if hasattr(unbound_field, '_formfield'): #检查unbound_field 对象是否包含_formfield = True
                            fields.append((name, unbound_field))
                # '''
                # fields = [
                #     (name,name的unbound对象),
                #     (pwd,pwd的unbound对象),
                #             ]
                # '''
                #对fields 按照定义顺序 进行排序
                fields.sort(key=lambda x: (x[1].creation_counter, x[0]))  #根据unbound对象的creation_counter进行字段排序
                cls._unbound_fields = fields
    
            if cls._wtforms_meta is None:
                bases = [] #bases = [DefaultMeta],
                # 按照继承顺序:获取当前类(FormLogin)所有父类
                for mro_class in cls.__mro__:
                    if 'Meta' in mro_class.__dict__:  #去每个父类(mro_class)获取  Meta = DefaultMeta
    
    
                        bases.append(mro_class.Meta)    #bases = [DefaultMeta],
    
                        '''
                        class Meta(DefaultMeta):
                            pass 
                    '''
                cls._wtforms_meta = type('Meta', tuple(bases), {}) #cls._wtforms_meta=Meta(DefaultMeta)类:
    
            return type.__call__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
    FormMeta.__call__

     执行完了指定元类 FormMeta.__call__()方法之后的LoginForm类中封装的数据

    print(LoginForm.__dict__)
    LoginForm ={
        '__module__': '__main__', 
        'name': <1 UnboundField(StringField, (),{'creation_counter': 1, 'label': '用户名', 'validators': [<wtforms.validators.DataRequired object at 0x00000000037DAEB8>, <wtforms.validators.Length object at 0x000000000382B048>], 'widget': <wtforms.widgets.core.TextInput object at 0x000000000382B080>, 'render_kw': {'class': 'form-control'}  })>, 
        'pwd': <2 UnboundField(PasswordField, (),{'creation_counter': 2,'label': '密码', 'validators': [<wtforms.validators.DataRequired object at 0x000000000382B0F0>, <wtforms.validators.Length object at 0x000000000382B128>, <wtforms.validators.Regexp object at 0x000000000382B160>], 'widget': <wtforms.widgets.core.PasswordInput object at 0x000000000382B208>, 'render_kw': {'class': 'form-control'}})>, 
        '__doc__': None, 
        
        '_unbound_fields': [
                    (name, UnboundField对象(1,simple.StringField,参数)),
                    (pwd, UnboundField对象(2,simple.PasswordField,参数)),
                ],, 
        '_wtforms_meta': Meta(DefaultMeta)类,
    }
    """

    启发:

    #sort排序
    v1=[
        (11,'Martin11',18),
        (121,'Martin121',19),
        (311,'Martin311',25),
        (311, 'Martin311', 26)  #按元素1排序,如果元素1相同按照 元素3排序
    ]
    
    v1.sort(key=lambda x:(x[0],x[2])) #列表的sort方法,根据 列表中的元组元素 进行排序
    print(v1)
    '''
    
    [(11, 'Martin11', 18), (121, 'Martin121', 19), (311, 'Martin311', 25), (311, 'Martin311', 26)]
    '''
    列表的 sort()
    class F1(object):
        pass
    class F2(object):
        pass
    class F3(F1):
        pass
    
    class F4(F2,F3):
        pass
    
    print(F4.__mro__) #打印F4 的继承关系
    
    '''
    (
       <class '__main__.F4'>,
        <class '__main__.F2'>,
        <class '__main__.F3'>,
        <class '__main__.F1'>,
        <class 'object'>)
    
    
    '''
    __mro__获取当前对象的继承顺序

    2.2.执行LoginForm的__new__方法

    没有__new__方法 pass

    2.3.执行LoginForm的__init__方法实例化form对象

        def __init__(self, formdata=None, obj=None, prefix='', data=None, meta=None, **kwargs):
    
            # 实例化LoginForm中封装的 Meta类进行实例化,以后用于生成CSRF Tocken 标签
            meta_obj = self._wtforms_meta()
            #meta是 form = LoginForm(meta={'csrf':'true'})传过来的参数,封装到meta_obj中
            if meta is not None and isinstance(meta, dict):
                meta_obj.update_values(meta)
    
            #执行父类的构造方法,参数
            # self._unbound_fields
            '''
                '_unbound_fields'=[
                    (name, UnboundField对象(1,simple.StringField,参数)),
                    (pwd, UnboundField对象(2,simple.PasswordField,参数)),
                ],
            '''
            # meta_ob=Meta(DefaultMeta)对象
    
            super(Form, self).__init__(self._unbound_fields, meta=meta_obj, prefix=prefix)
            #给 form对象 中的_fields字段赋值如下;
            '''
            _fields: {
                    name: StringField对象(),
                    pwd: PasswordField对象(),
                }
            name:  StringField对象(widget=widgets.TextInput()),
            pwd:  PasswordField对象(widget=widgets.PasswordInput())
        
            '''
            #循环form对象 中的_fields字段(字典),给form对象赋值 form.name/form.pwd
            for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
                setattr(self, name, field)
            '''
             _fields: {
                name: StringField对象(),
                pwd: PasswordField对象(),
                    }
             name:  StringField对象(widget=widgets.TextInput()),
             
             pwd:  PasswordField对象(widget=widgets.PasswordInput())
    
               '''
            self.process(formdata, obj, data=data, **kwargs)
    Form.__init__

    执行Form父类BaseForm.__init__方法,把UnboundField对象转换成StringField对象并赋值到form对象的_fields:{}字典中;

    class BaseForm(object):
        def __init__(self, fields, prefix='', meta=DefaultMeta()):
            '''
            参数
                fields=[
                    (name, UnboundField对象(1,simple.StringField,参数)),
                    (pwd, UnboundField对象(2,simple.PasswordField,参数)),
                ],
    
                meta=Meta(DefaultMeta)对象
            '''
    
            if prefix and prefix[-1] not in '-_;:/.':
                prefix += '-'
    
            self.meta = meta
            self._prefix = prefix
            self._errors = None
            self._fields = OrderedDict()
    
            if hasattr(fields, 'items'):
                fields = fields.items()
    
            translations = self._get_translations()
            extra_fields = []
            #------------------------------------------------------
            if meta.csrf: #生成 CSRF tocken隐藏标签
                self._csrf = meta.build_csrf(self)
                extra_fields.extend(self._csrf.setup_form(self))
    
            for name, unbound_field in itertools.chain(fields, extra_fields):#
                #(name, UnboundField对象(1,simple.StringField,参数))
                #(pwd, UnboundField对象(2,simple.PasswordField,参数))
                options = dict(name=name, prefix=prefix, translations=translations)
                #(name, UnboundField对象(1,simple.StringField,参数))  #真正实例化 simple.StringField(参数)
                field = meta.bind_field(self, unbound_field, options)
                #UnboundField对象转换成StringField对象
                self._fields[name] = field
    BaseForm. __init__
     form = {
            _fields: {
                    name: StringField对象(),
                    pwd: PasswordField对象(),
                }


    循环form对象 中的_fields字段(字典),分别赋值到form对象,这样就可以通过form.name/form.pwd直接获取到Field对象了
    ,无需form._fields['name'] / form._fields['name']

    代码:
    for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
        setattr(self, name, field)

                            form对象封装数据就变成以下内容喽
     

    form = { _fields: { name: StringField对象(), pwd: PasswordField对象(), } name: StringField对象(widget=widgets.TextInput()), pwd: PasswordField对象(widget=widgets.PasswordInput()) }

    3. 当form对象生成之后 print(form.name) = 执行StringField对象的__str__方法;

    StringField类中没有__str__方法,所以去执行基类Field的,Field.__str__方法返回了:  self()  =  StringFieldObj.__call__()

     def __str__(self):
            return self() #执行LoginForm的__call__方法
    Field.__str__方法

    StringField没有__call__所以执行其基类Field.__call__方法,调用了self.meta.render_field(self, kwargs)

        def __call__(self, **kwargs):            # self=StringField对象
            return self.meta.render_field(self, kwargs) #把StringField对象传传入meta.render_field方法

    下面来看self.meta.render_field(self, kwargs)做了什么?

      def render_field(self, field, render_kw):
    
            other_kw = getattr(field, 'render_kw', None)
            if other_kw is not None:
                render_kw = dict(other_kw, **render_kw)
            # StringField对象.widget(field, **render_kw)
            #插件.__call__()
            '''
            #field =StringField对象
               StringField对象.widget对象()=调用widget对象的.__call__方法
            '''
            return field.widget(field, **render_kw)

     来看widget对象=TextInput()的__call__方法,最终打印了obj.name的结果

      def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
            kwargs.setdefault('id', field.id)
            kwargs.setdefault('type', self.input_type)
            if 'value' not in kwargs:
                kwargs['value'] = field._value()
            if 'required' not in kwargs and 'required' in getattr(field, 'flags', []):
                kwargs['required'] = True
            return HTMLString('<input %s>' % self.html_params(name=field.name, **kwargs))
       """
            0. Form.__iter__: 返回所有字段对象
                1. StringField对象.__str__
                2. StringField对象.__call__
                3. meta.render_field(StringField对象,)
                4. StringField对象.widget(field, **render_kw)
                5. 插件.__call__()
            """

    4.执行for iteam in form对象的执行流程

    执行form对象基类BaseForm的__inter__方法,变量self._fields字典中的内容

    def __iter__(self):
            """Iterate form fields in creation order."""
            return iter(itervalues(self._fields))
    _fields: {
                    name: StringField对象(),
                    pwd: PasswordField对象(),
                }

    用户输入数据的校验验证流程form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form)

            # 请求发过来的值
            form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form) # 值.getlist('name')
    
            # 实例:编辑
            # # 从数据库对象
            # form = LoginForm(obj='值') # 值.name/值.pwd
            #
            # # 字典 {}
            # form = LoginForm(data=request.form) # 值['name']
    
            # 1. 循环所有的字段
            # 2. 获取每个字段的钩子函数
            # 3. 为每个字段执行他的验证流程 字段.validate(钩子函数+内置验证规则)

    六、session功能

    1. Flask自带的session功能

    from flask import session
    import json
    app=Flask(__name__,template_folder='templates',static_path='/static/',static_url_path='/static/')
    app.debug=True
    app.secret_key='sjehfjeefrjewth43u'  #设置session加密
    app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII']=False  #指定json编码格式 如果为False 就不使用ascii编码,
    app.config['JSONIFY_MIMETYPE'] ="application/json;charset=utf-8" #指定浏览器渲染的文件类型,和解码格式;
    
    @app.route('/login/',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def login():
        msg = ''
        if request.method=='POST':
            name=request.values.get('user')
            pwd=request.values.get('pwd')
            if name =='zhanggen' and pwd=='123.com':
                session['user']=name  #设置session的key value
                return redirect('/index/')
            else:
                msg='用户名或者密码错误'
        return render_template('login.html',msg=msg)
    
    @app.route('/index/',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def index():
        user_list = ['张根', 'egon', 'eric']
        user=session.get('user')           #获取session
        if user:
            user=['alex','egon','eric']
            return jsonify(user_list)
        else:
            return redirect('/login/')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    Flask自带session功能

    2.第三方session组件(Session)

    安装 pip install flask-session

    from flask import session, Flask,request,make_response,render_template,redirect,jsonify,Response
    
    from flask.ext.session import Session #引入第三方session
    import json
    app=Flask(__name__,template_folder='templates',static_path='/static/',static_url_path='/static/')
    app.debug=True
    app.secret_key='sjehfjeefrjewth43u'  #设置session加密
    app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII']=False  #指定json编码格式 如果为False 就不使用ascii编码,
    app.config['JSONIFY_MIMETYPE'] ="application/json;charset=utf-8" #指定浏览器渲染的文件类型,和解码格式;
    
    app.config['SESSION_TYPE']='redis'
    
    from redis import Redis        #引入连接 redis模块
    app.config['SESSION_REDIS']=Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port=6379) #连接redis
    Session(app)
    
    @app.route('/login/',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def login():
        msg = ''
        if request.method=='POST':
            name=request.values.get('user')
            pwd=request.values.get('pwd')
            if name =='zhanggen' and pwd=='123.com':
                session['user']=name  #设置session的key value
                return redirect('/index/')
            else:
                msg='用户名或者密码错误'
        return render_template('login.html',msg=msg)
    
    @app.route('/index/',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def index():
        user_list = ['张根', 'egon', 'eric']
        user=session.get('user')           #获取session
        if user:
            user=['alex','egon','eric']
            return jsonify(user_list)
        else:
            return redirect('/login/')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    把session存到redis

    不仅可以把session存放到redis还可放到文件、内存、memcache...

        def _get_interface(self, app):
            config = app.config.copy()
            config.setdefault('SESSION_TYPE', 'null')
            config.setdefault('SESSION_PERMANENT', True)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_USE_SIGNER', False)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_KEY_PREFIX', 'session:')
            config.setdefault('SESSION_REDIS', None)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_MEMCACHED', None)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_FILE_DIR',
                              os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'flask_session'))
            config.setdefault('SESSION_FILE_THRESHOLD', 500)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_FILE_MODE', 384)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_MONGODB', None)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_MONGODB_DB', 'flask_session')
            config.setdefault('SESSION_MONGODB_COLLECT', 'sessions')
            config.setdefault('SESSION_SQLALCHEMY', None)
            config.setdefault('SESSION_SQLALCHEMY_TABLE', 'sessions')
    
            if config['SESSION_TYPE'] == 'redis':
                session_interface = RedisSessionInterface(
                    config['SESSION_REDIS'], config['SESSION_KEY_PREFIX'],
                    config['SESSION_USE_SIGNER'], config['SESSION_PERMANENT'])
            elif config['SESSION_TYPE'] == 'memcached':
                session_interface = MemcachedSessionInterface(
                    config['SESSION_MEMCACHED'], config['SESSION_KEY_PREFIX'],
                    config['SESSION_USE_SIGNER'], config['SESSION_PERMANENT'])
            elif config['SESSION_TYPE'] == 'filesystem':
                session_interface = FileSystemSessionInterface(
                    config['SESSION_FILE_DIR'], config['SESSION_FILE_THRESHOLD'],
                    config['SESSION_FILE_MODE'], config['SESSION_KEY_PREFIX'],
                    config['SESSION_USE_SIGNER'], config['SESSION_PERMANENT'])
            elif config['SESSION_TYPE'] == 'mongodb':
                session_interface = MongoDBSessionInterface(
                    config['SESSION_MONGODB'], config['SESSION_MONGODB_DB'],
                    config['SESSION_MONGODB_COLLECT'],
                    config['SESSION_KEY_PREFIX'], config['SESSION_USE_SIGNER'],
                    config['SESSION_PERMANENT'])
            elif config['SESSION_TYPE'] == 'sqlalchemy':
                session_interface = SqlAlchemySessionInterface(
                    app, config['SESSION_SQLALCHEMY'],
                    config['SESSION_SQLALCHEMY_TABLE'],
                    config['SESSION_KEY_PREFIX'], config['SESSION_USE_SIGNER'],
                    config['SESSION_PERMANENT'])
            else:
                session_interface = NullSessionInterface()
    
            return session_interface
    View Code

    3.自定义session组件

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import uuid
    import json
    from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
    from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
    from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes
    
    
    class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
        def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
            self.sid = sid
            self.initial = initial
            super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())
    
        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)
    
        def __getitem__(self, item):
            return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)
    
        def __delitem__(self, key):
            super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)
    
    
    class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
        session_class = MySession
        container = {}
    
        def __init__(self):
            import redis
            self.redis = redis.Redis()
    
        def _generate_sid(self):
            return str(uuid.uuid4())
    
        def _get_signer(self, app):
            if not app.secret_key:
                return None
            return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
                          key_derivation='hmac')
    
        def open_session(self, app, request):
            """
            程序刚启动时执行,需要返回一个session对象
            """
            sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
            if not sid:
                sid = self._generate_sid()
                return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
            signer = self._get_signer(app)
            try:
                sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
                sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
            except BadSignature:
                sid = self._generate_sid()
                return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
            # session保存在redis中
            # val = self.redis.get(sid)
            # session保存在内存中
            val = self.container.get(sid)
    
            if val is not None:
                try:
                    data = json.loads(val)
                    return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
                except:
                    return self.session_class(sid=sid)
            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
        def save_session(self, app, session, response):
            """
            程序结束前执行,可以保存session中所有的值
            如:
                保存到resit
                写入到用户cookie
            """
            domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
            path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
            httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
            secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
            expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
    
            val = json.dumps(dict(session))
    
            # session保存在redis中
            # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
            # session保存在内存中
            self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)
    
            session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))
    
            response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
                                expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
                                domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
    组件
    from flask import Flask
    from flask import session
    from my_session import MySessionInterface
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
    app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
    
    
    @app.route('/login/', methods=['GET', "POST"])
    def login():
        print(session)
        session['user1'] = 'alex'
        session['user2'] = 'alex'
        del session['user2']
    
        return "内容"
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    应用

     七、蓝图

    使用Flask自带Blueprintmuk模块,帮助我们做代码目录结构的归类

    import luffy   #导入luffy包就会执行luffy包中__init__.py文件
    
    luffy.app.run()
    app.py
    from flask import Flask
    
    app=Flask(__name__,template_folder='templates',static_path='/static/',static_url_path='/static/')
    
    app.debug=True
    
    
    from .views import login
    from .views import index
    
    #把文件中蓝图对象注册到app里
    app.register_blueprint(login.login,url_prefix='/login') #访问login蓝图必须以url_prefix开头
    app.register_blueprint(index.index,url_prefix='/index')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    luffy包的__init__.py
    from flask import Blueprint     #导入蓝图
    login=Blueprint('login',__name__) #在本模块实例化1个蓝图
    
    @login.route('/login/',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def login1():
        return '登录页面'
    login
    from flask import Blueprint
    index=Blueprint('index',__name__)
    @index.route('/index/',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def index1():
        return '首页'
    index

     

    八、message (闪现)

    message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合,其特点是:一次性。

    特点:和labada匿名函数一样不长期占用内存

    from flask import Flask,request,flash,get_flashed_messages
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
    
    
    @app.route('/set/')
    def index2():
        flash('Disposable')    #在message中设置1个个值
        return 'ok'
    
    #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    @app.route('/')
    def index1():
        messages = get_flashed_messages() #获取message中设置的值,只能获取1次。(1次性)
        print(messages)
        return "Index1"
    
    
    
    
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        app.run()
    flask_message

    九、中间件

    flask也有中间件功能和Django类似,不同的是使用的是使用3个装饰器来实现的;

    1.@app.before_first_request :请求第1次到来执行1次,之后都不执行;

    2.@app.before_request:请求到达视图之前执行;(改函数不能有返回值,否则直接在当前返回)

    3.@app.after_request:请求 经过视图之后执行;(最下面的先执行)

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from flask import Flask, Request, render_template
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    app.debug = True
    
    
    @app.before_first_request  #第1个请求到来执行
    def before_first_request1():
        print('before_first_request1')
    
    
    @app.before_request #中间件2
    def before_request1():
        Request.nnn = 123
        print('before_request1')  #不能有返回值,一旦有返回值在当前返回
    
    
    @app.before_request
    def before_request2():
        print('before_request2')
    
    
    
    @app.errorhandler(404)
    def page_not_found(error):
        return 'This page does not exist', 404
    
    
    
    @app.route('/')
    def hello_world():
        return "Hello World"
    
    
    
    
    
    @app.after_request #中间件 执行视图之后
    def after_request1(response):
        print('after_request1', response)
        return response
    
    
    @app.after_request #中间件 执行视图之后 先执行 after_request2
    def after_request2(response):
        print('after_request2', response)
        return response
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    View Code

     

    十、Flask相关组件

    1、flask-sqlchemy

    2、flask-script组件

    flask-script组件:用于通过脚本的形式,启动 flask;(实现类似Django的python manager.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8001)

    pip install flask-script        #安装
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    
    from sansa import create_app
    from flask_script import Manager #导入
    app = create_app()
    
    manager=Manager(app)              #实例化Manager对象
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        manager.run()
    run.py
    
    

    python run.py runserver -h 0.0.0.0 -p 8001

    * Running on http://0.0.0.0:8001/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)

     

    3.flask-migrate组件

    在线修改、迁移数据库(Django的 migrate 。

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    
    from sansa import create_app,db
    from flask_script import Manager #导入
    from flask_migrate import  Migrate,MigrateCommand
    
    app = create_app()
    manager=Manager(app)              #实例化Manager对象
    migrate=Migrate(app,db)
    
    manager.add_command('db',MigrateCommand) #注册命令
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        manager.run()
    run.py
    pip install flask-migrate       #安装

    3.1.初始化数据库:python run.py db init

    3.2.迁移数据:       python run.py db migrate

    3.3.生成表:           python run.py db upgrade  

    ps:修改表结构 first 直接注释静态字段代码,second 执行 python run.py db upgrade.

    D:Flask练习sansa>python run.py db init
    Creating directory D:Flask练习sansamigrations ... done
    Creating directory D:Flask练习sansamigrationsversions ... done
    Generating D:Flask练习sansamigrationsalembic.ini ... done
    Generating D:Flask练习sansamigrationsenv.py ... done
    Generating D:Flask练习sansamigrationsREADME ... done
    Generating D:Flask练习sansamigrationsscript.py.mako ... done
    Please edit configuration/connection/logging settings in 'D:\Flask练习\sansa\migrations\alembic.ini' before proceeding.
    
    D:Flask练习sansa>python run.py db migrate
    INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Context impl MySQLImpl.
    INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL.
    INFO  [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 'users666'
    Generating D:Flask练习sansamigrationsversionsa7f412a8146f_.py ... done
    
    D:Flask练习sansa>python run.py db upgrade
    INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Context impl MySQLImpl.
    INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL.
    INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Running upgrade  -> a7f412a8146f, empty message
    
    D:Flask练习sansa>

    文档:       http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/quickstart.html

    银角大王:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/7552008.html

    银角大王:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5713330.html(执行原生SQL模块 pymsql ,ORM框架 SQLAchemy)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/sss4/p/8097653.html
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