常用SQL命令

1、查看所有表的物理大小

select segment_name, bytes from user_segments  order by bytes desc

2、查看表空間的名稱及大小

select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;

2、查看表空間物理檔的名稱及大小

select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;

3、查看回滾段名稱及大小

select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name;

4、查看控制文件

select name from v$controlfile;

5、查看日誌檔

select member from v$logfile;

6、查看表空間的使用情況

select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;

SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
 
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
 
FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
 
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 

 

7、查看資料庫庫物件

select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;

8、查看資料庫的版本　

Select version FROM Product_component_version
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';

9、查看資料庫的創建日期和歸檔方式

 

Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;

10、捕捉運行很久的SQL

column username format a12
column opname format a16
column progress format a8
 

select username,sid,opname, round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress, time_remaining,sql_text
from v$session_longops , v$sql
where time_remaining <> 0
and sql_address = address
and sql_hash_value = hash_value
/

 

11、查看資料表的參數資訊

SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
 
        pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
 
        next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
 
        freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
 
        empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
 
        last_analyzed
 
   FROM dba_tab_partitions
 
  --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
 
ORDER BY partition_position

12.查看還沒提交的事務

 

select * from v$locked_object;

select * from v$transaction;

13。查找object為哪些進程所用

select 
 
p.spid,
 
s.sid,
 
s.serial# serial_num,
 
s.username user_name,
 
a.type  object_type,
 
s.osuser os_user_name,
 
a.owner,
 
a.object object_name,
 
decode(sign(48 - command),
 
1,
 
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
 
p.program oracle_process,
 
s.terminal terminal,
 
s.program program,
 
s.status session_status   
 
from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p   
 
where s.paddr = p.addr and
 
     s.type = 'USER' and    
 
     a.sid = s.sid   and
 
  a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
 
order by s.username, s.osuser

 

14。回滾段查看

select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents 
 
Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs, 
 
v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes, 
 
sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, 
 
v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and 
 
v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum

15。耗資源的進程（top session）

select s.schemaname schema_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, 
 
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,    status 
 
session_status,   s.osuser os_user_name,   s.sid,         p.spid ,         s.serial# serial_num,   
 
nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,   s.terminal terminal,    
 
s.program program,   st.value criteria_value  from v$sesstat st,   v$session s  , v$process p   
 
where st.sid = s.sid and   st.statistic# = to_number('38') and   ('ALL' = 'ALL' 
 
or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,  p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc

16。查看鎖（lock）情況

select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,   ls.username user_name,   
 
decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX', 
 
'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,   
 
o.object_name object,   decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3, 
 
'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null) 
 
lock_mode,    o.owner,   ls.sid,   ls.serial# serial_num,   ls.id1,   ls.id2    
 
from sys.dba_objects o, (   select s.osuser,    s.username,    l.type,     
 
l.lmode,    s.sid,    s.serial#,    l.id1,    l.id2   from v$session s,     
 
v$lock l   where s.sid = l.sid ) ls  where o.object_id = ls.id1 and    o.owner 
 
<> 'SYS'   order by o.owner, o.object_name

17。查看等待（wait）情況

SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value 
FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets', 
'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count

18。查看sga情況

SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC

19。查看catched object

SELECT owner,  name, db_link,namespace, type,sharable_mem, loads,  executions,  locks,  pins, kept      
FROM v$db_object_cache

20。查看V$SQLAREA

SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS, 
 
VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS, 
 
USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
 
BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA

 

21。查看object分類數量

select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 
 
'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from 
 
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 
 
, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select 
 
'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from 

22。按用戶查看object種類

select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,   
 
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL)) 
 
clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1, 
 
NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,   
 
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1)) 
 
others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# = 
 
o.owner# and   u.name <> 'PUBLIC'   group by u.name    order by 
 
sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$

23。有關connection的相關資訊

1）查看有哪些用戶連接

select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
 
'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,     
 
status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,    

s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    '' query,    
 
0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num    
 
from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = 'USER'  
 
order by s.username, s.osuser

2）根據v.sid查看對應連接的資源佔用等情況

select n.name, 
 
 v.value, 
 
 n.class,
 
 n.statistic#  
 
from  v$statname n, 
 
 v$sesstat v 
 
where v.sid = 71 and 
 
 v.statistic# = n.statistic# 
 
order by n.class, n.statistic#

3）根據sid查看對應連接正在運行的sql

select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
 
 command_type, 
 
 sql_text, 
 
 sharable_mem, 
 
 persistent_mem, 
 
 runtime_mem, 
 
 sorts, 
 
 version_count, 
 
 loaded_versions, 
 
 open_versions, 
 
 users_opening, 
 
 executions, 
 
 users_executing, 
 
 loads, 
 
 first_load_time, 
 
 invalidations, 
 
 parse_calls, 
 
 disk_reads, 
 
 buffer_gets, 
 
 rows_processed,
 
 sysdate start_time,
 
 sysdate finish_time,
 
 '>' || address sql_address,
 
 'N' status 
 
from v$sqlarea
 
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)

24．查詢表空間使用情況

select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱",
 
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "佔用率(%)",
 
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",
 
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閒(M)",
 
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",
 
Largest "最大擴展段(M)",
 
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "採樣時間" 
 
from  (select f.tablespace_name,
 
   sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
 
   sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes 
 
from dba_data_files f 
 
group by tablespace_name) a,
 
(select  f.tablespace_name,
 
    sum(f.bytes) bytes_free 
 
from dba_free_space f 
 
group by tablespace_name) b,
 
(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
 
   ts.name tablespace_name 
 
from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts 
 
where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts# 
 
group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c 
 
where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name

25.查詢表空間的碎片程度

 

select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name 
 
having count(tablespace_name)>10; 
 
 
 
alter tablespace name coalesce; 
 
alter table name deallocate unused; 
 
 
 
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as 
 
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space 
 
union all 
 
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents; 
 
 
 
select * from ts_blocks_v; 
 
 
 
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space 
 
group by tablespace_name;

 

26。查詢有哪些資料庫實例在運行

select inst_name from v$active_instances;

27。查询所有表的记录数

select t.TABLESPACE_NAME,t.TABLE_NAME, t.NUM_ROWS  nrows from user_tables t

28.

###############資料字典 ########## 
 
 
 
set wrap off 
 
 
 
select * from v$dba_users; 
 
 
 
grant select on table_name to user/rule; 
 
 
 
select * from user_tables; 
 
 
 
select * from all_tables; 
 
 
 
select * from dba_tables; 
 
 
 
revoke dba from user_name; 
 
 
 
shutdown immediate 
 
 
 
startup nomount 
 
 
 
select * from v$instance; 
 
 
 
select * from v$sga; 
 
 
 
select * from v$tablespace; 
 
 
 
alter session set nls_language=american; 
 
 
 
alter database mount; 
 
 
 
select * from v$database; 
 
 
 
alter database open; 
 
 
 
desc dictionary 
 
 
 
select * from dict; 
 
 
 
desc v$fixed_table; 
 
 
 
select * from v$fixed_table; 
 
 
 
set oracle_sid=foxconn 
 
 
 
select * from dba_objects; 
 
 
 
set serveroutput on 
 
 
 
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd'); 
 
 
 
#############控制文件 ########### 
 
 
 
select * from v$database; 
 
 
 
select * from v$tablespace; 
 
 
 
select * from v$logfile; 
 
 
 
select * from v$log; 
 
 
 
select * from v$backup; 
 
 
 
/*備份用戶表空間*/ 
 
alter tablespace users begin backup; 
 
 
 
select * from v$archived_log; 
 
 
 
select * from v$controlfile; 
 
 
 
alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl', 
 
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile; 
 
 
 
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl 
 
 
 
startup pfile='../initSID.ora' 
 
 
 
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ; 
 
 
 
show parameter control; 
 
 
 
select * from v$controlfile_record_section; 
 
 
 
select * from v$tempfile; 
 
 
 
/*備份控制檔*/ 
 
alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak'; 
 
 
 
/*備份控制檔，並將二進位控制檔變為了asc的文字檔案*/ 
 
alter database backup controlfile to trace; 
 
 
 
############### redo log ############## 
 
 
 
archive log list; 
 
 
 
alter system archive log start;--啟動自動封存
 
 
 
alter system switch logfile;--強行進行一次日誌switch 
 
 
 
alter system checkpoint;--強制進行一次checkpoint 
 
 
 
alter tablspace users begin backup; 
 
 
 
alter tablespace offline; 
 
 
 
/*checkpoint同步頻率參數FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高，系統恢復所需時間越短*/ 
 
show parameter fast; 
 
 
 
show parameter log_checkpoint; 
 
 
 
/*加入一個日誌組*/ 
 
alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M); 
 
 
 
/*加入日誌組的一個成員*/ 
 
alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3; 
 
 
 
/*刪除日誌組:當前日誌組不能刪；活動的日誌組不能刪；非歸檔的日誌組不能刪*/ 
 
alter database drop logfile group 3; 
 
 
 
/*刪除日誌組中的某個成員，但每個組的最後一個成員不能被刪除*/ 
 
alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 
 
 
 
/*清除線上日誌*/ 
 
alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 
 
 
 
alter database clear logfile group 3; 
 
 
 
/*清除非歸檔日誌*/ 
 
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; 
 
 
 
/*重命名日誌檔*/ 
 
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo'; 
 
 
 
show parameter db_create; 
 
 
 
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name'; 
 
 
 
select * from v$log; 
 
 
 
select * from v$logfile; 
 
 
 
/*資料庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啟動到mount狀態下才能改變;startup mount;然後再打開資料庫.*/ 
 
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; 
 
 
 
achive log start;---啟動自動歸檔
 
 
 
alter system archive all;－－手工歸檔所有日誌檔
 
 
 
select * from v$archived_log; 
 
 
 
show parameter log_archive; 
 
 
 
/*使用字元函數(右邊截取,欄位中包含某個字元,左邊填充某字元到固定位元數,右邊填充某字元到固定位元數)*/ 
 
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name; 
 
 
 
/*使用數位函數(往右/左幾位四捨五入,取整,取餘)*/ 
 
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; 
 
 
 
/*使用日期函數(計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期,兩個日期間相隔幾個月,在某個月份上加幾個月,某個日期的下一個日期, 
 
某日期所在月的最後的日期,對某個日期的月分四捨五入，對某個日期的月份進行取整)*/ 
 
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate), 
 
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name; 
 
 
 
/*使用NULL函數(當expr1為空取expr2/當expr1為空取expr2,否則取expr3/當expr1=expr2返回空)*/ 
 
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; 
 
 
 
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1 
 
when '30' then column2*2.1 
 
when '10' then column3/20 
 
else column3 
 
end as ttt 
 
from table_name ; ------使用case函數
 
 
 
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 
 
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒連接
 
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個表中的同名列連接
 
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接
 
[JOIN table2 
 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | 
 
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相當於(+)=,=(+)連接,全外連接
 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法; 
 
 
 
example: 
 
select col1,col2 from table1 t1 
 
join table2 t2 
 
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 
 
join table3 t3 
 
on t2.col1=t3.col3; 
 
 
 
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 
 
 
 
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 
 
 
 
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); 
 
 
 
MERGE INTO table_name table1 
 
USING table_name2 table2 
 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) 
 
WHEN MATCHED THEN 
 
UPDATE SET 
 
table1.col1=table2.col2, 
 
table1.col2=table2.col3, 
 
... 
 
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN 
 
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合併語句
 
 
 
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### 
 
 
 
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column 
 
 
 
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設置列無效，這個比較快。
 
alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設為無效的列
 
 
 
rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
 
 
 
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----給表放入注釋信息
 
 
 
create table table_name 
 
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), 
 
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件
 
 
 
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----創建主鍵
 
 
 
/*建立外鍵*/ 
 
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); 
 
 
 
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%'); 
 
 
 
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; 
 
 
 
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯刪除主鍵
 
 
 
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時無效
 
 
 
/*刪除列，並級聯刪除此列下的約束條件*/ 
 
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; 
 
 
 
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關視圖
 
 
 
############## Create Views ##################### 
 
 
 
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] 
 
AS subquery 
 
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] 
 
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------創建視圖的語法
 
 
 
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------創建視圖
 
/*使用別名*/ 
 
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; 
 
/*創建複雜視圖*/ 
 
Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; 
 
/*當用update修改資料時，必須滿足視圖的col1>10的條件，不滿足則不能被改變.*/ 
 
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; 
 
 
 
/*改變視圖的值.對於簡單視圖可以用update語法修改表資料，但複雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數，group by ,distinct等的列*/ 
 
update view_name set col1=value1; 
 
 
 
/*TOP-N分析*/ 
 
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; 
 
 
 
/*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/ 
 
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; 
 
 
 
############# Other database Object ############### 
 
 
 
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] 
 
[START WITH n] 
 
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] 
 
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] 
 
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] 
 
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----創建SEQUENCE 
 
 
 
example: 
 
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 
 
START WITH 120 
 
MAXVALUE 9999 
 
NOCACHE 
 
NOCYCLE; 
 
 
 
select * from user_sequences ;---當前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖
 
 
 
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
 
 
 
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 
 
MAXVALUE 999999 
 
NOCACHE 
 
NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號
 
 
 
drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence 
 
 
 
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------創建同義詞
 
 
 
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞
 
 
 
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----創建DBLINK 
 
 
 
select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠端資料庫中的物件
 
 
 
/*union操作，它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮，並對資料排序*/ 
 
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 
 
/*union all操作，兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮，且不對資料排序*/ 
 
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 
 
/*intersect操作，求兩個集合的交集,它將對重復資料進行壓縮，且排序*/ 
 
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 
 
/*minus操作，集合減,它將壓縮兩個集合減後的重複記錄,且對資料排序*/ 
 
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 
 
 
/*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的年*/ 
 
select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 
 
/*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的月*/ 
 
select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 
 
 
 
##########################增強的group by子句 ######################### 
 
 
 
select [column,] group_function(column)... 
 
from table 
 
[WHERE condition] 
 
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 
 
[HAVING having_expression]; 
 
[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，對group by子句的各欄位從右到左進行再聚合
 
 
 
example: 
 
/*其結果看起來象對col1做小計*/ 
 
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); 
 
/*複合rollup運算式*/ 
 
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); 
 
 
 
select [column,] group_function(column)... 
 
from table 
 
[WHERE condition] 
 
[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] 
 
[HAVING having_expression]; 
 
[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再對ROLLUP後的結果集從右到左再聚合
 
 
 
example: 
 
/*其結果看起來象對col1做小計後，再對col2做小計，最後算總計*/ 
 
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 
 
/*複合rollup運算式*/ 
 
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); 
 
/*混合rollup,cube運算式*/ 
 
select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); 
 
 
 
/*GROUPING(expr)函數，查看select語句種以何欄位聚合，其取值為0或1*/ 
 
select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) 
 
from table 
 
[WHERE condition] 
 
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 
 
[HAVING having_expression]; 
 
[ORDER BY column]; 
 
 
 
example: 
 
select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 
 
 
 
/*grouping sets操作，對group by結果集先對col1求和，再對col2求和，最後將其結果集並在一起*/ 
 
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
 
 
 
/*刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶(用戶物件下有物件的要用CASCADE，將其下一些物件一起刪除)*/ 
 
drop user user_name [CASCADE]; 
 
 
 
/*每個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什麼限額*/ 
 
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...'; 
 
 
 
/*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/ 
 
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 
 
######### Managing Privileges ############# 
 
 
 
grant create table,create session to user_name; 
 
 
 
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; 
 
 
 
/*授予許可權語法,public標識所有用戶,with admin option允許能將許可權授予第三者的許可權*/ 
 
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; 
 
 
 
select * from v$pwfile_users; 
 
 
 
/*當O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數為True時，標識select any table時，包括系統表也能select ,否則，不包含系統表;缺省為false*/ 
 
show parameter O7; 
 
 
 
/*由於O7_dictionary_accessiblity為靜態參數，不能動態改變，故加scope=spfile,下次啟動時才生效*/ 
 
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; 
 
 
 
/*授予物件中的某些欄位的許可權，如select某表中的某些欄位的許可權*/ 
 
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; 
 
 
 
/*oracle不允許授予select某列的許可權,但可以授insert ,update某列的許可權*/ 
 
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; 
 
 
 
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; 
 
 
 
/*db/os/none審計被記錄在資料庫/作業系統/不審計缺省是none*/ 
 
show parameter audit_trail; 
 
 
 
/*啟動對表的select動作*/ 
 
audit select on user.table_name by session; 
 
 
 
/*by session在每個session中發出command只記錄一次，by access則每個command都記錄*/ 
 
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; 
 
 
 
desc dbms_fga;---進一步設計，則可使用dbms_fgs包
 
 
 
/*取消審計*/ 
 
noaudit select on user.table_name; 
 
 
 
/*查被審計資訊*/ 
 
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; 
 
 
 
/*獲取審計記錄*/ 
 
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; 
 
 
 
########### Managing Role ################# 
 
 
 
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; 
 
 
 
create role role_name; 
 
create role role_name identified by password; 
 
create role role_name identified externally; 
 
 
 
set role role_name ; ----啟動role 
 
set role role_name identified by password; 
 
 
 
alter role role_name not identified; 
 
alter role role_name identified by password; 
 
alter role role_name identified externally; 
 
 
 
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; 
 
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; 
 
grant role_name1 to role_name2; 
 
/*建立default role,用戶登錄時，缺省啟動default role*/ 
 
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; 
 
alter user user_name default role all; 
 
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; 
 
alter user user_name default role none; 
 
 
 
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; 
 
set role all; 
 
set role except role1,role2,...; 
 
set role none; 
 
 
 
revoke role_name from user_name; 
 
revoke role_name from public; 
 
 
 
drop role role_name; 
 
 
 
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; 
 
 
 
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ 
 
 
 
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; 
 
 
 
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配單個字元
 


 
 
/*手工分配分區,分配的資料檔案必須是表所在表空間內的資料檔案*/ 
 
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...'); 
 
 
 
/*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/ 
 
alter table table_name deallocate unused; 
 
 
 
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; 
 
 
 
/*將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動表空間後，原表中的索引物件將會不可用，必須重建*/ 
 
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; 
 
 
 
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; 
 
 
 
alter index index_name rebuild; 
 
 
 
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; 
 
 
 
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column 
 
 
 
/*給表中不用的列做標記*/ 
 
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 
 
 
 
/*drop表中不用的做了標記列*/ 

alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 
 
 
 
/*當在drop col是出現異常，使用CONTINUE，防止重刪前面的column*/ 
 
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; 
 
 
 
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects; 
 
 
 
######## managing indexes ########## 
 
 
 
/*create index*/ 
 
example: 
 
/*創建一般索引*/ 
 
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*創建點陣圖索引*/ 
 
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*索引中不能用pctused*/ 
 
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; 
 
/*大資料量的索引最好不要做日誌*/ 
 
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; 
 
/*創建反轉索引*/ 
 
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; 
 
/*創建函數索引*/ 
 
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*建表時創建約束條件*/ 
 
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 
 
/*給創建bitmap index分配的記憶體空間參數，以加速建索引*/ 
 
show parameter create_bit; 
 
 
 
/*改變索引的存儲參數*/ 
 
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); 
 
 
 
/*給索引手工分配一個分區*/ 
 
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..'); 
 
 
 
/*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/ 
 
alter index index_name deallocate unused; 
 
 
 
/*索引重建*/ 
 
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 
 
/*普通索引和反轉索引的互換*/ 
 
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; 
 
 
 
/*重建索引時，不鎖表*/ 
 
alter index index_name rebuild online; 
 
 
 
/*給索引整理碎片*/ 
 
alter index index_name COALESCE; 
 
 
 
/*分析索引,事實上是更新統計的過程*/ 
 
analyze index index_name validate structure; 
 
 
 
desc index_state; 
 
 
 
drop index index_name; 
 
 
 
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監視索引是否被用到
 
 
 
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監視
 
 
 
/*有關索引資訊的視圖*/ 
 
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; 
 
 
 
##########資料完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## 
 
 
 
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop約束
 
 
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----創建主鍵
 
 
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---創建唯一約束
 
 
 
/*創建外鍵約束*/ 
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); 
 
 
 
/*不效驗老資料，只約束新的資料[enable/disable：約束/不約束新資料;novalidate/validate:不對/對老資料進行驗證]*/ 
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate; 
 
 
 
/*修改約束條件，延時驗證，commit時驗證*/ 
 
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; 
 
 
 
/*修改約束條件，立即驗證*/ 
 
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; 
 
 
 
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; 
 
 
 
/*drop一個有外鍵的主鍵表,帶cascade constraints參數級聯刪除*/ 
 
drop table table_name cascade constraints; 
 
 
 
/*當truncate外鍵表時，先將外鍵設為無效，再truncate;*/ 
 
truncate table table_name; 
 
 
 
/*設約束條件無效*/ 
 
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; 
 
 
 
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; 
 
 
 
/*將無效約束的資料行放入exception的表中，此表記錄了違反資料約束的行的行號；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/ 
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; 
 
 
 
/*運行創建exceptions表的腳本*/ 
 
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; 
 
 
 
/*獲取約束條件資訊的表或視圖*/ 
 
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; 
 
 
 
################## managing password security and resources #################### 
 
 
 
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶; 
 
 
 
alter user user_name password expire;---設定口令到期
 
 
 
/*建立口令配置檔,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次後鎖，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動解鎖*/ 
 
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; 
 
/*創建口令配置檔*/ 
 
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; 
 
/*建立資源配置檔*/ 
 
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 
 
 
 
alter user user_name profile profile_name; 
 
 
 
/*設置口令解鎖時間*/ 
 
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; 
 
 
 
/*password_life_time指口令檔多少時間到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登錄後到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令*/ 
 
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; 
 
 
 
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數*/ 
 
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; 
 
 
 
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令
 
 
 
drop profile profile_name; 
 
 
 
/*建立了profile後，且指定給某個用戶，則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/ 
 
drop profile profile_name CASCADE; 
 
 
 
alter system set resource_limit=true;---啟用自願限制,缺省是false 
 
 
 
/*配置資源參數*/ 
 
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; 
 
/*資源參數(session級) 
 
cpu_per_session每個session佔用cpu的時間單位1/100秒
 
sessions_per_user允許每個用戶的並行session數
 
connect_time允許連接的時間單位分鐘
 
idle_time連接被空閒多少時間後，被自動斷開單位分鐘
 
logical_reads_per_session讀塊數
 
private_sga用戶能夠在SGA中使用的私有的空間數單位bytes 
 
 
 
(call級) 
 
cpu_per_call每次(1/100秒)調用cpu的時間
 
logical_reads_per_call每次調用能夠讀的塊數
 
*/ 
 
 
 
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; 
 
 
 
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包
 
 
 
/*獲取資源資訊的表或視圖*/ 
 
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; 
 
 
 
###### Managing users ############ 
 
 
 
show parameter os; 
 
 
 
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; 
 
 
 
grant connect,createtable to testuser1; 
 
 
 
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; 
 
 
 
/*創建用戶*/ 
 
create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
 
 
 
/*資料庫級設定缺省臨時表空間*/ 
 
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 
 
/*制定資料庫級的缺省表空間*/ 
 
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 
 
/*創建os級審核的用戶，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令對應的首碼,'OPS$'為此參數的值，此值可以任意設置*/ 
 
create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
 
 
 
/*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時表空間不允許授予限額*/ 
 
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name