Swift和C#的基本语法对比

Recently, Apple announced and released a beta version of the new Swift programming language for building iOS and OSX applications. Swift is a modern language with the power of Objective-C without the "baggage of C." While we can't argue that Objective-C has it's difficulties being tied closely to C, but the real question is... How does Swift compare to a modern language like C#?

 

Please, keep in mind that this post is not supposed to be an Apple vs Microsoft post. There are a lot of developers that use C# every day and the purpose of this post is to help them understand what Swift offers at a language level compared to C#. And, before you start the "apples and oranges" arguments, it's worth pointing out that using Xamarinyou can develop iOS and OSX apps using C#.

Now let the code mostly speak for itself...

Code Comments

Both languages support the same syntax for code comments; the familiar C-style comments.

1. // code comment
   
2. 
   
3. /* multi line
   
4. code comment */

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Declaring Constants and Variables

Swift, like C#, is a type safe language. It also supports type inference so you don't have to specify the type when declaring the variables as the compiler can infer (or detect) the type by evaluating the assignment of the variable. While C# is slightly more verbose when declaring constants; both languages are just as elegant at declaring variables using type inference.

1. // Declare Constant
   
2. // C#
   
3. const int legalAge = 18;
   
4. 
   
5. // Swift
   
6. let legalAge = 18
   
7. 
   
8. // Declare Variable
   
9. // C#
   
10. var legalAge = 18;
    
11. 
    
12. // Swift
    
13. var legalAge = 18

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While type inference is nice, but when you don't immediately assign a value to the variable you may need to explicitly specify the type of the variable.

1. // Type Annotation
   
2. //C#
   
3. string firstName;
   
4. 
   
5. // Swift
   
6. var firstName: String

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You may notice the lack of the semi-colon in Swift. Yes, Swift is a mostly C-style syntax without requiring semi-colons. Swift does support and require the use of semi-colons if you want to have multiple code statements on the same line.

Variable Names and Unicode

Both languages support the use of Unicode characters as variable names. Basically, you could use Emoticons or other non-ASCII characters as variable names if you want, but who does that anyway?

Integer Bounds

Both languages have static constants for accessing the minimum and maximum bounds for the different Integer types.

1. // Integer Bounds
   
2. // C#
   
3. var a = Int32.MinValue;
   
4. var b = Int32.MaxValue;
   
5. 
   
6. // Swift
   
7. var a = Int32.min
   
8. var b = Int32.max

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Type Inference

Both languages, as mentioned above, support type inference where the compiler is able to detect what type the declared variable is from it's immediate assignment.

1. // Type Inference
   
2. // C#
   
3. var a = 3; // integer
   
4. var b = 0.14 // double
   
5. var c = a + b; // double
   
6. 
   
7. // Swift
   
8. var a = 3 // integer
   
9. var b = 0.14 // double
   
10. var c = a + b // double

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Also in the above type inference example you'll notice that when you declare a variable and immediately assign a value that is the result of 2 other variables it will still infer the type.

String Comparison

Both have similar methods of comparing strings.

1. // String Comparison
   
2. // C#
   
3. var a = "One";
   
4. var b = "One";
   
5. if (a == b) {
   
6.     // both variables are considered equal
   
7. }
   
8. 
   
9. // Swift
   
10. var a = "One"
    
11. var b = "One"
    
12. if a == b {
    
13.     // both variables are considered equal
    
14. }

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The both also have similar methods of detecting if the beginning or ending of the string match's a specified string.

1. // C#
   
2. var s = "Some Value";
   
3. if (s.StartsWith("Some")) {
   
4.     // the string starts with the value
   
5. }
   
6. if (s.EndsWith("Value")) {
   
7.     // the string ends with the value
   
8. }
   
9. 
   
10. // Swift
    
11. var s = "Some Value"
    
12. if s.hasPrefix("Some") {
    
13.     // the string starts with the value
    
14. }
    
15. if s.hasSuffix("Value") {
    
16.     // the string ends with the value
    
17. }

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You may notice from the above example that parenthesis are not required with IF statements in Swift.

String Upper or Lower Case

Both languages support similar methods of converting strings to Upper or Lower Case.

1. // String Upper and Lower Case
   
2. // C#
   
3. var s = "some Value";
   
4. var upperS = s.ToUpper();
   
5. var lowerS = s.ToLower();
   
6. 
   
7. // Swift
   
8. var s = "some Value"
   
9. var upperS = s.uppercaseString
   
10. var lowerS = s.lowercaseString

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Declaring Arrays

Both languages support declaring and assigning Arrays using a single line of code.

1. // Declare Arrays on single line
   
2. 
   
3. // String Array
   
4. // C#
   
5. var arr = new string[] { "One", "Two" };
   
6. 
   
7. // Swift
   
8. var arr = ["One", "Two"]
   
9. 
   
10. // Integer Array
    
11. // C#
    
12. var arr = new int[] { 1, 2 };
    
13. 
    
14. // Swift
    
15. var arr = [1, 2];

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Working with Arrays

Working with Arrays have slight differences between the languages.

1. // Iterating Over Array
   
2. // C#
   
3. foreach (var item in arr) {
   
4.     // do something
   
5. }
   
6. 
   
7. // Swift
   
8. for item in arr {
   
9.     // do something
   
10. }
    
11. 
    
12. 
    
13. // Get Item at Index
    
14. // C#
    
15. var item = arr[0];
    
16. // Swift
    
17. var item = arr[0]
    
18. 
    
19. 
    
20. // Set Item at Index
    
21. // C#
    
22. arr[0] = "Value";
    
23. 
    
24. // Swift
    
25. arr[0] = "Value"
    
26. 
    
27. 
    
28. // Is Array Empty?
    
29. // C#
    
30. if (arr.Length == 0) {
    
31.     // array is empty
    
32. }
    
33. 
    
34. // Swift
    
35. if arr.isEmpty {
    
36.     // array is empty
    
37. }
    
38. 
    
39. 
    
40. // Add Item to Array
    
41. // C#
    
42. Array.Resize(ref arr, arr.Length + 1);
    
43. arr[arr.Length - 1] = "Three";
    
44. 
    
45. // Swift
    
46. arr.append("Three")
    
47. // or
    
48. arr += "Three"
    
49. 
    
50. 
    
51. // Remove Item at Index
    
52. // C#
    
53. var list = arr.ToList();
    
54. list.RemoveAt(0);
    
55. var newArr = list.ToArray();
    
56. 
    
57. // Swift
    
58. var newArr = arr.removeAtIndex(0)

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Declaring Dictionaries

Both languages support similar methods of declaring dictionaries.

1. // Declaring Dictionaries
   
2. // C#
   
3. var dict = new Dictionary<string, string>();
   
4. var dict2 = new Dictionary<string, string>
   
5. {
   
6.     { "TYO", "Tokyo" },
   
7.     { "DUB", "Dublin" }
   
8. };
   
9. 
   
10. // Swift
    
11. var dict = Dictionary<String, String>()
    
12. var dict2 = ["TYO": "Tokyo", "DUB": "Dublin"]

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Working with Dictionaries

Working with Dictionaries have slight differences between the languages.

1. // Iterate over Dictionary
   
2. // C#
   
3. foreach(var item in dict) {
   
4.     var key = item.Key;
   
5.     var value = item.Value;
   
6. }
   
7. 
   
8. // Swift
   
9. for (key, value) in dict {
   
10.     // key variable contains key of item
    
11.     // value variable contains value of item
    
12. }
    
13. 
    
14. // Get Item in Dictionary by Key
    
15. // C#
    
16. var item = dict["TYO"];
    
17. 
    
18. // Swift
    
19. var item = dict["TYO"]
    
20. 
    
21. 
    
22. // Set Item in Dictionary by key
    
23. // or add if key doesn't exist
    
24. // C#
    
25. dict["LHR"] = "London";
    
26. 
    
27. // Swift
    
28. dict["LHR"] = "London"
    
29. 
    
30. 
    
31. // Remove Item in Dictionary by key
    
32. // C#
    
33. dict.Remove("LHR");
    
34. 
    
35. // Swift
    
36. dict.removeValueForKey("DUB")

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For Loops

The above examples for Arrays and Dictionaries already showed examples of using a For-In loop to iterate through the items in those collections. Here are some additional methods of iterating using a For Loop.

1. // Iterate from 1 through 5
   
2. // C#
   
3. // using increment
   
4. for(var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
   
5.     // do something with i
   
6. }
   
7. 
   
8. // Swift
   
9. // using range
   
10. for i in 1...5 {
    
11.     // do something with i
    
12. }
    
13. // using increment
    
14. for var i = 0; i <= 5; ++i {
    
15.     // do something with i
    
16. }

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The range example of Swift is rather interesting in the method of shorthand it uses for it's definition.

Conditional Statements

Both languages support If...Then conditional statements. Swift is a little different that it doesn't require parenthesis around the match conditions.

1. // If Then Else Conditional Statement
   
2. // C#
   
3. if (i > 6) {
   
4.     // do something
   
5. } else if (i > 3 && i <= 6) {
   
6.     // do something
   
7. } else {
   
8.     // do something
   
9. }
   
10. 
    
11. // Swift
    
12. if i > 6 {
    
13.     // do something
    
14. } else if i > 3 && i <= 6 {
    
15.     // do something
    
16. } else {
    
17.     // do something
    
18. }

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Switch Statement

Both languages support Switch statements.

1. // Switch statement
   
2. // C#
   
3. var word = "A";
   
4. switch(word) {
   
5.     case "A":
   
6.         // do something
   
7.         break;
   
8.     case "B":
   
9.         // do something
   
10.         break;
    
11.     default:
    
12.         // do something
    
13.         break;
    
14. }
    
15. 
    
16. // Swift
    
17. var word = "A"
    
18. switch word {
    
19.     case "A":
    
20.         // do something
    
21.     case "B":
    
22.         // do something
    
23.     default:
    
24.         // do something
    
25. }

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Switch statements are rather similar in both languages except that in Swift case statements don't automatically pass on to the next like in C#. As a result C# requires the use of the break keywords to exit the Switch statement, unless you want to fall through to the next case. While in Swift you must use the "fallthrough" keyword to tell it to pass on through to the next case statement. More information on this can be found in the Swift documentation.

An additional feature that Swift supports with Switch statements is ranges within the Case statements. This is something that C# does not support.

1. // Switch Case Ranges
   
2. // C#
   
3. switch (i) {
   
4.     case 1:
   
5.     case 2:
   
6.     case 3:
   
7.         // do something
   
8.         break;
   
9.     case 4:
   
10.         // do something
    
11.         break;
    
12.     default:
    
13.         // do something
    
14.         break;
    
15. }
    
16. 
    
17. // Swift
    
18. switch i {
    
19.     case 1...3:
    
20.         // do something
    
21.     case 4:
    
22.         // do something
    
23.     default:
    
24.         // do something
    
25. }

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Functions

While Functions are a much bigger comparison to be made, here's a basic example:

1. // Function with Parameter and Return Value
   
2. // C#
   
3. string sayHello(string name) {
   
4.     // do something
   
5. }
   
6. 
   
7. // Swift
   
8. func sayHello(name: String) -> String {
   
9.     // do something
   
10. }

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The post Basic Comparison of Functions in C# and Swift goes into much more depth on Functions; as that is a much bigger comparison that could fit into this post.

Conclusion

This concludes my basic comparison of C# and Apple Swift programming languages. The two languages are rather similar in many respects; at least in what I've compared thus far. More language feature comparisons will have to wait for future posts.

One of the bigger differences that's worth pointing out explicitly is the difference in how each language handles Array's. Arrays in Swift are extremely similar to the List<> class in C#; which is what most developers use today in C# instead of arrays anyway (unless performance requires it.)

You can find more information about the Swift programming language on Apple's site at the following links:

https://developer.apple.com/swift/

https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/