ASP.NET Web API 框架研究 Controller创建 HttpController介绍

　　对请求进行路由解析以及消息处理管道进行处理后，最后可以从HttpRequestMessage对象的属性字典中获取解析的路由数据，后边我们就可以根据其进行HttpController的创建,从前边几篇可知道，消息处理管道的末端即最后一个处理器HttpRoutingDispatcher会把消息派送给其一个内部处理器HttpControllerDispatcher进行HttpController的创建。这篇先介绍下HttpController,先熟悉下相关类，后边都会用到，后边会把这些类联系起来。

　　关注点：

• 熟悉下各类成员及关系，基本都有注释
• 主要看ApiController抽象类的方法，项目中创建的控制器都继承它，很多方法都可以直接使用，核心逻辑方法是ExecuteAsync，创建控制器对象后，会调用ExecuteAsync方法，进行后续操作，由于还没讲控制器的创建，里边的逻辑以后再细说

一、涉及的类及源码分析

 

1、IHttpController

　　我们创建的Web API项目中的所有的Controller最后都要继承该接口，如ProductController先继承ApiController,ApiController再继承IHttpController，接口定义如下，就一个方法ExecuteAsync方法，主要是一个参数HttpControllerContext，其具体见下一个类。

　      

　　

　　

2、HttpControllerContext

　　表示执行HttpController的上下文,作为IHttpController接口的ExecuteAsync方法的参数，主要包含以下五个属性，前三个可以在构造函数里指定，也可以直接赋值

　　HttpConfiguration  全局配置

　　IHttpRouteData  解析的路由数据

　　HttpRequestMessage  表示当前请求

　　HttpControIlerDesciptor  描述HttpController

　　HttpControIler 控制器对象

　　这个类没什么逻辑，只是在构造函数可以创建一个RequestContext

  _requestContext = new HttpRequestContext
  {
       Configuration = configuration,
       RouteData = routeData
  };

 public class HttpControllerContext
    {
        private HttpRequestContext _requestContext;
        private HttpRequestMessage _request;
        private HttpControllerDescriptor _controllerDescriptor;
        private IHttpController _controller;

        
        public HttpControllerContext(HttpRequestContext requestContext, HttpRequestMessage request,
            HttpControllerDescriptor controllerDescriptor, IHttpController controller)
        {
            if (requestContext == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("requestContext");
            }

            if (request == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("request");
            }

            if (controllerDescriptor == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("controllerDescriptor");
            }

            if (controller == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("controller");
            }

            _requestContext = requestContext;
            _request = request;
            _controllerDescriptor = controllerDescriptor;
            _controller = controller;
        }

        public HttpControllerContext(HttpConfiguration configuration, IHttpRouteData routeData,
            HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            if (configuration == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("configuration");
            }

            if (routeData == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("routeData");
            }

            if (request == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("request");
            }

            //requestContext包含了Configuration和RouteData
            _requestContext = new HttpRequestContext
            {
                Configuration = configuration,
                RouteData = routeData
            };
            _request = request;
        }

        public HttpControllerContext()
        {
           
            _requestContext = new HttpRequestContext();
        }

        public HttpConfiguration Configuration
        {
            get
            {
                return _requestContext.Configuration;
            }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                _requestContext.Configuration = value;
            }
        }

        public HttpControllerDescriptor ControllerDescriptor
        {
            get { return _controllerDescriptor; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                _controllerDescriptor = value;
            }
        }

        public IHttpController Controller
        {
            get { return _controller; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                _controller = value;
            }
        }

        public HttpRequestMessage Request
        {
            get { return _request; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                _request = value;
            }
        }

   
        public HttpRequestContext RequestContext
        {
            get { return _requestContext; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                _requestContext = value;
            }
        }

        public IHttpRouteData RouteData
        {
            get { return _requestContext.RouteData; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                _requestContext.RouteData = value;
            }
        }
    }

3、HttpControllerDescriptor

　　描述HttpController对象，封装了HttpController元数据，系统就是根据HttpControllerDescriptor创建Controller的；主要有以下三个属性，可以在构造函数指定，也可以直接赋值。

　　HttpConfiguration 全局配置

　　ControllerName  描述HttpCoutroller的控制器名称

　　ControllerType 描述HttpCoutroller的Type

　　还有个特殊的属性，类似HttpRequestMessage和HttpConfiguration类似的设计，可以添加任何对象到该属性

　　Properties 类型为ConcurrentDictionary(object, object)

　　另外，有以下主要方法：

 　   IHttpController CreateController(HttpRequestMessage request)   创建Controller核心方法，主要逻辑都在这

　　Collection<T> GetCustomAttributes<T>() where T: class  获取定义在控制器上的自定义属性

　　Collection<T> GetCustomAttributes(bool inherit)where T: class  同上

　　virtual Collection<IFilter> GetFilters() 获取定在在控制器上的过滤器

 public class HttpControllerDescriptor
    {
        //附加任何对象到该字典属性
        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<object, object> _properties = new ConcurrentDictionary<object, object>();

        private HttpConfiguration _configuration;

        private string _controllerName;
        private Type _controllerType;

        //缓存用
        private object[] _attributeCache;
        private object[] _declaredOnlyAttributeCache;

        //后边文章介绍，解析出ControllerType时候会调用该构造函数创建HttpControllerDescriptor
        public HttpControllerDescriptor(HttpConfiguration configuration, string controllerName, Type controllerType)
        {
            if (configuration == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("configuration");
            }

            if (controllerName == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("controllerName");
            }

            if (controllerType == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("controllerType");
            }

            _configuration = configuration;
            _controllerName = controllerName;
            _controllerType = controllerType;
            //构造函数里直接调用Initialize

            Initialize();
        }

        //默认构造函数，单元测试用
        public HttpControllerDescriptor()
        {
        }

        //默认构造函数，单元测试用
        internal HttpControllerDescriptor(HttpConfiguration configuration)
        {
            Initialize(configuration);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 附加任何对象到该字典属性
        /// </summary>
        public virtual ConcurrentDictionary<object, object> Properties
        {
            get { return _properties; }
        }

        public HttpConfiguration Configuration
        {
            get { return _configuration; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }
                _configuration = value;
            }
        }

        //控制器名称
        public string ControllerName
        {
            get { return _controllerName; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }
                _controllerName = value;
            }
        }

        //控制器类型
        public Type ControllerType
        {
            get { return _controllerType; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }
                _controllerType = value;
            }
        }

        
        //主要方法 根据HttpRequestMessage创建一个IHttpController
        public virtual IHttpController CreateController(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            if (request == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("request");
            }

            //先从ServicesContainer获取默认的IHttpControllerActivator
            IHttpControllerActivator activator = Configuration.Services.GetHttpControllerActivator();
            //调用IHttpControllerActivator的Create方法，创建，这个后一篇会说到
            IHttpController instance = activator.Create(request, this, ControllerType);
            return instance;
        }

     
        //描述符对应的控制器定义的过滤器列表
        public virtual Collection<IFilter> GetFilters()
        {
            return GetCustomAttributes<IFilter>();
        }

        //获取泛型的自定义特性的集合，对应控制器上定义的
        public virtual Collection<T> GetCustomAttributes<T>() where T : class
        {
            return GetCustomAttributes<T>(inherit: true);
        }


        //获取泛型的自定义特性的集合，对应控制器上定义的
       
        public virtual Collection<T> GetCustomAttributes<T>(bool inherit) where T : class
        {
            object[] attributes;
            //反射获取自定义特性很慢，所以使用缓存_attributeCache，第二次开始，就直接从其获取
            //inherit决定是否要去控制器类型继承结构中去找所有特性
            if (inherit)
            {

                if (_attributeCache == null)
                {
                    _attributeCache = ControllerType.GetCustomAttributes(inherit: true);
                }
                attributes = _attributeCache;
            }
            else
            {
                if (_declaredOnlyAttributeCache == null)
                {
                    //是从ControllerType属性上去寻找特性的
                    _declaredOnlyAttributeCache = ControllerType.GetCustomAttributes(inherit: false);
                }
                attributes = _declaredOnlyAttributeCache;
            }

            return new Collection<T>(TypeHelper.OfType<T>(attributes));
        }


        private void Initialize()
        {
            InvokeAttributesOnControllerType(this, ControllerType);
        }

        //先略过
        private static void InvokeAttributesOnControllerType(HttpControllerDescriptor controllerDescriptor, Type type)
        {
            Contract.Assert(controllerDescriptor != null);

            if (type == null)
            {
                return;
            }
          
            InvokeAttributesOnControllerType(controllerDescriptor, type.BaseType);

            object[] attrs = type.GetCustomAttributes(inherit: false);
            foreach (object attr in attrs)
            {
                var controllerConfig = attr as IControllerConfiguration;
                if (controllerConfig != null)
                {
                    var originalConfig = controllerDescriptor.Configuration;
                    var controllerSettings = new HttpControllerSettings(originalConfig);
                    controllerConfig.Initialize(controllerSettings, controllerDescriptor);
                    controllerDescriptor.Configuration = HttpConfiguration.ApplyControllerSettings(controllerSettings, originalConfig);
                }
            }
        }
    }

4、ApiController

　　WebAPI项目创建的HttpController类型默认继承ApiController,ApiController又继承自IHttpController和IDisposable

 　  HttpControllerContext ControllerContext 表示执行当前ApiController上下文
　　HttpConfiguration Configration 全局配置 同 HttpControllerContext
　　HttpRequestMessage Request 请求消息 同 HttpControllerContext
　　HttpRouteData  RouteData  路由解析数据 同 HttpControllerContext
　　ModelstateDictionary Modelstate  包含其中的数据会被以Model绑定的形式绑定到目标Aotion方法的对应的参数

　　UrlHelper Url  可以根据注册的HttpRoute和提供的路由变量生成—个完整的URL　　 
　　IPrincipal User 返回当前线程的Principal ,前几篇中HttpServer在SendAsync方法执行过程中,如果当前线程中的当前线程的Principal为Null,创建一个空的GenericPrincipaI对象作为当前线程的匿名Principal。

　　主要方法有以下几个：

　　virtual Task<HttpRequsetMessage> ExecuteAsync(HttpControllerContext controllerContext,...)  实现IHttpController接口

　　virtual void Initialize(HttpControllerContext  controllerContext) 受保护方法

　　//资源回收

　　void Dispose()
　　virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)

　　另外，特别注意，ApiController不能重复使用，每次请求都会使用一个新的HttpController来处理请求，ExecuteAsync方法的时候发现当前的ApiController已经处于“初始化”的状态,系统会直接抛出一个InvaIidationException异常。

 public abstract class ApiController : IHttpController, IDisposable
    {
        private HttpActionContext _actionContext = new HttpActionContext();
        private bool _initialized;

        //获取HttpConfiguration
        //setter 单元测试用
        public HttpConfiguration Configuration
        {
            get { return ControllerContext.Configuration; }
            set { ControllerContext.Configuration = value; }
        }

        //获取HttpControllerContext
        //setter 单元测试用
        public HttpControllerContext ControllerContext
        {
            get
            {
                // unit test only
                if (ActionContext.ControllerContext == null)
                {
                    ActionContext.ControllerContext = new HttpControllerContext
                    {
                        RequestContext = new RequestBackedHttpRequestContext()
                    };
                }
                return ActionContext.ControllerContext;
            }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                ActionContext.ControllerContext = value;
            }
        }

        //获取HttpRequestMessage
        //setter 单元测试用
        public HttpActionContext ActionContext
        {
            get { return _actionContext; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }
                _actionContext = value;
            }
        }

        
        //在模型绑定之后获取ModelState，绑定之前是空的，模型绑定以后再说
        public ModelStateDictionary ModelState
        {
            get
            {
                return ActionContext.ModelState;
            }
        }

        //获取HttpRequestMessage
        //setter 单元测试用
        public HttpRequestMessage Request
        {
            get
            {
                return ControllerContext.Request;
            }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                HttpRequestContext contextOnRequest = value.GetRequestContext();
                HttpRequestContext contextOnController = RequestContext;

                if (contextOnRequest != null && contextOnRequest != contextOnController)
                {
                    // Prevent unit testers from setting conflicting requests contexts.
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(SRResources.RequestContextConflict);
                }

                ControllerContext.Request = value;
                value.SetRequestContext(contextOnController);

                RequestBackedHttpRequestContext requestBackedContext =
                    contextOnController as RequestBackedHttpRequestContext;

                if (requestBackedContext != null)
                {
                    requestBackedContext.Request = value;
                }
            }
        }

        //获取HttpRequestContext
        //setter 单元测试用
        public HttpRequestContext RequestContext
        {
            get
            {
                return ControllerContext.RequestContext;
            }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    throw Error.PropertyNull();
                }

                HttpRequestContext oldContext = ControllerContext.RequestContext;
                HttpRequestMessage request = Request;

                if (request != null)
                {
                    HttpRequestContext contextOnRequest = request.GetRequestContext();

                    if (contextOnRequest != null && contextOnRequest != oldContext && contextOnRequest != value)
                    {
                        // Prevent unit testers from setting conflicting requests contexts.
                        throw new InvalidOperationException(SRResources.RequestContextConflict);
                    }

                    request.SetRequestContext(value);
                }

                ControllerContext.RequestContext = value;
            }
        }

       
        //获取UrlHelper用来对其他APIS生成URLS
        //setter 单元测试用
        public UrlHelper Url
        {
            get { return RequestContext.Url; }
            set { RequestContext.Url = value; }
        }

        //获取或设置当前请求的Principal 
        //setter 单元测试用
        public IPrincipal User
        {
            get { return RequestContext.Principal; }
            set { RequestContext.Principal = value; }
        }

        //主要方法,创建控制器对象后，会调用ExecuteAsync方法，进行后续操作，由于还没讲控制器的创建，里边的逻辑以后再细说
        public virtual Task<HttpResponseMessage> ExecuteAsync(HttpControllerContext controllerContext, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            if (_initialized)
            {
                // 如果已经创建过该实例，就抛出异常，一个控制器实例，多次请求不能重复使用
                throw Error.InvalidOperation(SRResources.CannotSupportSingletonInstance, typeof(ApiController).Name, typeof(IHttpControllerActivator).Name);
            }

            Initialize(controllerContext);

           
            if (Request != null)
            {
                //先注册到待销毁集合，待请求完成后一起销毁改控制器实例
                Request.RegisterForDispose(this);
            }

            HttpControllerDescriptor controllerDescriptor = controllerContext.ControllerDescriptor;
            ServicesContainer controllerServices = controllerDescriptor.Configuration.Services;
            //选择Action
            HttpActionDescriptor actionDescriptor = controllerServices.GetActionSelector().SelectAction(controllerContext);
            ActionContext.ActionDescriptor = actionDescriptor;
            if (Request != null)
            {
                Request.SetActionDescriptor(actionDescriptor);
            }

            FilterGrouping filterGrouping = actionDescriptor.GetFilterGrouping();

            //ActionFilters
            IActionFilter[] actionFilters = filterGrouping.ActionFilters;
            //身份认证过滤器
            IAuthenticationFilter[] authenticationFilters = filterGrouping.AuthenticationFilters;
            //授权过滤器
            IAuthorizationFilter[] authorizationFilters = filterGrouping.AuthorizationFilters;
            //ExceptionFilters
            IExceptionFilter[] exceptionFilters = filterGrouping.ExceptionFilters;

            IHttpActionResult result = new ActionFilterResult(actionDescriptor.ActionBinding, ActionContext,
                controllerServices, actionFilters);
            if (authorizationFilters.Length > 0)
            {
                result = new AuthorizationFilterResult(ActionContext, authorizationFilters, result);
            }
            if (authenticationFilters.Length > 0)
            {
                result = new AuthenticationFilterResult(ActionContext, this, authenticationFilters, result);
            }
            if (exceptionFilters.Length > 0)
            {
                IExceptionLogger exceptionLogger = ExceptionServices.GetLogger(controllerServices);
                IExceptionHandler exceptionHandler = ExceptionServices.GetHandler(controllerServices);
                result = new ExceptionFilterResult(ActionContext, exceptionFilters, exceptionLogger, exceptionHandler,
                    result);
            }
            //执行IHttpActionResult的ExecuteAsync
            return result.ExecuteAsync(cancellationToken);
        }

        //验证entity，并把验证错误添加到ModelState
        public void Validate<TEntity>(TEntity entity)
        {
            Validate(entity, keyPrefix: String.Empty);
        }

        //验证entity，并把验证错误添加到ModelState
        public void Validate<TEntity>(TEntity entity, string keyPrefix)
        {
            if (Configuration == null)
            {
                throw Error.InvalidOperation(SRResources.TypePropertyMustNotBeNull, typeof(ApiController).Name, "Configuration");
            }

            IBodyModelValidator validator = Configuration.Services.GetBodyModelValidator();
            if (validator != null)
            {
                ModelMetadataProvider metadataProvider = Configuration.Services.GetModelMetadataProvider();
                Contract.Assert(metadataProvider != null, "GetModelMetadataProvider throws on null.");

                validator.Validate(entity, typeof(TEntity), metadataProvider, ActionContext, keyPrefix);
            }
        }

        //创建一个400 Bad Request,项目中的Controller里可以直接使用
        protected internal virtual BadRequestResult BadRequest()
        {
            return new BadRequestResult(this);
        }

        //根据message 创建一个400 Bad Request,项目中的Controller里可以直接使用
        protected internal virtual BadRequestErrorMessageResult BadRequest(string message)
        {
            return new BadRequestErrorMessageResult(message, this);
        }

       
        //根据指定的modelState创建一个 400 Bad Request.
        protected internal virtual InvalidModelStateResult BadRequest(ModelStateDictionary modelState)
        {
            return new InvalidModelStateResult(modelState, this);
        }

        //创建一个 409 Conflict
        protected internal virtual ConflictResult Conflict()
        {
            return new ConflictResult(this);
        }

        /// <summary>创建一个内容协商结果响应</summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">主体内容中的数据类型</typeparam>
        /// <param name="statusCode">响应状态码</param>
        /// <param name="value">在主体中要协商和格式化的数据</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="NegotiatedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal virtual NegotiatedContentResult<T> Content<T>(HttpStatusCode statusCode, T value)
        {
            return new NegotiatedContentResult<T>(statusCode, value, this);
        }

        /// <summary>创建一个指定格式化的内容响应</summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">主体内容中的数据类型</typeparam>
        /// <param name="statusCode">响应状态码</param>
        /// <param name="value">在主体中要协商和格式化的数据</param>
        /// <param name="formatter">格式化器</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="FormattedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal FormattedContentResult<T> Content<T>(HttpStatusCode statusCode, T value,
            MediaTypeFormatter formatter)
        {
            return Content(statusCode, value, formatter, (MediaTypeHeaderValue)null);
        }

        /// <summary>创建一个指定媒体类型的格式化的内容响应</summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">主体内容中的数据类型</typeparam>
        /// <param name="statusCode">响应状态码</param>
        /// <param name="value">在主体中要协商和格式化的数据</param>
        /// <param name="formatter">格式化器</param>
        /// <param name="mediaType">媒体类型</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="FormattedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal FormattedContentResult<T> Content<T>(HttpStatusCode statusCode, T value,
            MediaTypeFormatter formatter, string mediaType)
        {
            return Content(statusCode, value, formatter, new MediaTypeHeaderValue(mediaType));
        }

        /// <summary>创建一个指定媒体类型的格式化的内容响应</summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">主体内容中的数据类型</typeparam>
        /// <param name="statusCode">响应状态码</param>
        /// <param name="value">在主体中要协商和格式化的数据</param>
        /// <param name="formatter">格式化器</param>
        /// <param name="mediaType">媒体类型</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="FormattedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal virtual FormattedContentResult<T> Content<T>(HttpStatusCode statusCode, T value,
            MediaTypeFormatter formatter, MediaTypeHeaderValue mediaType)
        {
            return new FormattedContentResult<T>(statusCode, value, formatter, mediaType, this);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 创建一个201 Created 响应Created
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of content in the entity body.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="location">
        /// The location at which the content has been created. Must be a relative or absolute URL.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="content">The content value to negotiate and format in the entity body.</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="CreatedNegotiatedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal CreatedNegotiatedContentResult<T> Created<T>(string location, T content)
        {
            if (location == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("location");
            }

            return Created<T>(new Uri(location, UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute), content);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 创建一个201 Created 响应Created
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of content in the entity body.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="location">The location at which the content has been created.</param>
        /// <param name="content">The content value to negotiate and format in the entity body.</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="CreatedNegotiatedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal virtual CreatedNegotiatedContentResult<T> Created<T>(Uri location, T content)
        {
            return new CreatedNegotiatedContentResult<T>(location, content, this);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 创建一个201 Created 响应Created
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of content in the entity body.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="routeName">The name of the route to use for generating the URL.</param>
        /// <param name="routeValues">The route data to use for generating the URL.</param>
        /// <param name="content">The content value to negotiate and format in the entity body.</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="CreatedAtRouteNegotiatedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal CreatedAtRouteNegotiatedContentResult<T> CreatedAtRoute<T>(string routeName,
            object routeValues, T content)
        {
            return CreatedAtRoute<T>(routeName, new HttpRouteValueDictionary(routeValues), content);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 创建一个201 Created 响应Created
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of content in the entity body.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="routeName">The name of the route to use for generating the URL.</param>
        /// <param name="routeValues">The route data to use for generating the URL.</param>
        /// <param name="content">The content value to negotiate and format in the entity body.</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="CreatedAtRouteNegotiatedContentResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal virtual CreatedAtRouteNegotiatedContentResult<T> CreatedAtRoute<T>(string routeName,
            IDictionary<string, object> routeValues, T content)
        {
            return new CreatedAtRouteNegotiatedContentResult<T>(routeName, routeValues, content, this);
        }

        //创建一个 500 Internal Server Error 
        protected internal virtual InternalServerErrorResult InternalServerError()
        {
            return new InternalServerErrorResult(this);
        }

       
        //根据异常创建一个 500 Internal Server Error 
        protected internal virtual ExceptionResult InternalServerError(Exception exception)
        {
            return new ExceptionResult(exception, this);
        }

        /// <summary>创建一个 200 OK 响应，主体内容有JSON格式的数据，JsonSerializerSettings 序列化器</summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">主体内容的数据类型</typeparam>
        /// <param name="content">序列化到主体部分的内容</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonResult{T}"/> with the specified value.</returns>
        protected internal JsonResult<T> Json<T>(T content)
        {
            return Json<T>(content, new JsonSerializerSettings());
        }

        /// <summary>创建一个 200 OK 响应，主体内容有JSON格式的数据， UTF8Encoding编码</summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">主体内容的数据类型</typeparam>
        /// <param name="content">序列化到主体部分的内容</param>
        /// <param name="serializerSettings">序列化器</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal JsonResult<T> Json<T>(T content, JsonSerializerSettings serializerSettings)
        {
            return Json<T>(content, serializerSettings, new UTF8Encoding(encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier: false,
                throwOnInvalidBytes: true));
        }

        /// 创建一个 200 OK 响应，主体内容有JSON格式的数据
        /// <typeparam name="T">主体内容的数据类型.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="content">序列化到主体部分的内容.</param>
        /// <param name="serializerSettings">序列化器</param>
        /// <param name="encoding">内容编码</param>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonResult{T}"/> with the specified values.</returns>
        protected internal virtual JsonResult<T> Json<T>(T content, JsonSerializerSettings serializerSettings,
            Encoding encoding)
        {
            return new JsonResult<T>(content, serializerSettings, encoding, this);
        }

        //创建一个 404 Not Found 响应
        protected internal virtual NotFoundResult NotFound()
        {
            return new NotFoundResult(this);
        }

        //创建一个 200 OK 响应 
        protected internal virtual OkResult Ok()
        {
            return new OkResult(this);
        }

      
        //根据指定主体内容创建  OkNegotiatedContentResult(200 OK) 
        protected internal virtual OkNegotiatedContentResult<T> Ok<T>(T content)
        {
            return new OkNegotiatedContentResult<T>(content, this);
        }

        //根据指定值创建一个Redirect 302 Found，参数用来生成URL
        protected internal virtual RedirectResult Redirect(string location)
        {
            if (location == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("location");
            }

            return Redirect(new Uri(location));
        }

        //根据指定值创建一个RedirectResult 302 Found，参数用来生成URL
        protected internal virtual RedirectResult Redirect(Uri location)
        {
            return new RedirectResult(location, this);
        }

        //根据指定值创建一个RedirectToRouteResult 302 Found，参数用来生成URL
        protected internal RedirectToRouteResult RedirectToRoute(string routeName, object routeValues)
        {
            return RedirectToRoute(routeName, new HttpRouteValueDictionary(routeValues));
        }

        //根据指定值创建一个RedirectToRouteResult 302 Found，参数用来生成URL
        protected internal virtual RedirectToRouteResult RedirectToRoute(string routeName,
            IDictionary<string, object> routeValues)
        {
            return new RedirectToRouteResult(routeName, routeValues, this);
        }

        //根据HttpResponseMessage创建一个ResponseMessageResult
        protected internal virtual ResponseMessageResult ResponseMessage(HttpResponseMessage response)
        {
            return new ResponseMessageResult(response);
        }

        /// 根据指定的HttpStatusCode创建StatusCodeResult
        protected internal virtual StatusCodeResult StatusCode(HttpStatusCode status)
        {
            return new StatusCodeResult(status, this);
        }

        // 根据指定值 创建401 未授权 响应
        //challenges 为 The WWW-Authenticate challenges.
        protected internal UnauthorizedResult Unauthorized(params AuthenticationHeaderValue[] challenges)
        {
            return Unauthorized((IEnumerable<AuthenticationHeaderValue>)challenges);
        }


        // 根据指定值 创建401 未授权 响应
        //challenges 为 The WWW-Authenticate challenges.
        protected internal virtual UnauthorizedResult Unauthorized(IEnumerable<AuthenticationHeaderValue> challenges)
        {
            return new UnauthorizedResult(challenges, this);
        }

        //标记_initialized = true说明已经被使用，不能重复使用，即同一个控制器实例只能被使用于一次请求
        protected virtual void Initialize(HttpControllerContext controllerContext)
        {
            if (controllerContext == null)
            {
                throw Error.ArgumentNull("controllerContext");
            }

            _initialized = true;
            ControllerContext = controllerContext;
        }

        #region IDisposable

        public void Dispose()
        {
            Dispose(true);
            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
        }

        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
        }

        #endregion IDisposable
    }