ABAP基础一：ALV基础之ALV的整体结构

很久没摸ECC了，最近看到很多新人在捯饬ALV。。。中国就喜欢量产垃圾。。。培训，上岗。。。没有行业道德。。。

闲话不多说，开始正事：

ALV很常见，在SAP非WEB的项目，没有不用的，它包含了报表和功能的特点，是最容易接受的交互界面。

ALV大体说明：一般一个报表或者一些小功能，会用到‘查询界面’‘数据处理’‘数据展示’‘人机交互’等。这是循序进渐的，也是两两相交的。

ALV程序结构说明：一般的都是有逻辑的顺序：‘数据定义’，‘定义屏幕’，‘数据查询和处理’，‘数据显示’，‘事件处理’等。

根据上面的结构有的人喜欢定义4个INCLUDE（这是参考DIALOG程序的），有的就是一个Report 到底。经常也有些人会讨论哪种怎么怎么样，其实，看开发的习惯，SAP的INCLUDE

和FORM是为了复用和代码结构化，分多个INCLUDE模块化程序，易于查找。而REPORT到底的(一般经验高的人会用)，会在开头部分处理好整体的结构，然后每部分的逻辑在FORM里处理，这样的好处是逻辑清晰，易于查找问题。（这段是废话，可以忽略，意见不同可以评论^_^）

下面一个一个来：(逻辑，逻辑，逻辑，没逻辑的人，请转行)

数据定义：越简单的报表，越是需要用最复杂的东西来做。

1.熟悉使用TYPE定义结构，为什么要用TYPE定义结构？呵呵，这个问题不想讨论:如下:

TYPES:BEGIN OF TY_DETAIL,
        OBJNR   TYPE AUFK-OBJNR, "对象号
        MATNR   TYPE AFPO-MATNR, "产品编码
        KTEXT   TYPE AUFK-KTEXT, "产品描述
        AUFNR   TYPE AUFK-AUFNR, "工单编号
        GAMNG   TYPE AFKO-GAMNG, "工单产量
        MATNX   TYPE RESB-MATNR, "BOM物料编码
        MAKTX   TYPE MAKT-MAKTX, "bom物料描述
        VORNR   TYPE RESB-VORNR, "工序
        LTXA1   TYPE AFVC-LTXA1, "工序短文本
        KSTAR   TYPE COVP-KSTAR, "成本要素
        LTEXT   TYPE CSKU-LTEXT, "成本要素
        BDMNG   TYPE RESB-BDMNG, "BOM计划数量
        ENMNG   TYPE RESB-ENMNG, "BOM实际数量
      END OF TY_DETAIL,

不要觉得这样定义很麻烦又不能复用等等，去SE11建的结构，只有你自己会用，而且还会有相互影响的问题，直接用表(除非字段很少的表)都是浪费系统资源。

很多人都会说优化程序要怎么样怎么样，程序里TYPE定义结构，最小化内表字段 会很大程度上减少系统和电脑本身的负荷。

2.参考结构定义内表

参照上面定义的结构，定义需要的内表。(根据需要用到的内表，先定义结构，然后参考结构定义内表)

DATA:GT_DETAIL TYPE TABLE OF TY_DETAIL,
     GT_DETAIX TYPE TABLE OF TY_DETAIL.

我喜欢用一个DATA加上冒号和逗号，把所有的数据定义全部放一起，因为SAP的代码美化是在同一个冒号引出的部分，每个都用DATA定义，代码美化完全没用。

有些人建议多使用局部变量，少用全局变量，这样也是一种减负的方法，但是这样程序里就会多出很多临时的变量，对于后期修改不利。而使用全局变量的，请注意不需要的时候清空变量，运行程序的一个百万数量级的内表和一个空内表，让你使用的时候感觉都会不一样的。

3.定义选择屏幕：

这部分看个人习惯和客户需求，有的会在屏幕上做设计，怎么排版什么的，我就不喜欢这样，就直接几个BOLCK，区分一下搜索方式，然后全部使用SELECT-OPTIONS

需要单值的就 NO INTERVALS NO-EXTENSION加上。因为程序最后解析SELECT的时候会把单值的RANGE转变成一个‘等于’值的查询，这和使用PARAMETERS是一样的。

SELECTION-SCREEN:BEGIN OF BLOCK BLK01 WITH FRAME TITLE TEXT-001.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_BUKRS FOR COVP-BUKRS DEFAULT '1000'.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_GJAHR FOR COVP-GJAHR OBLIGATORY NO INTERVALS NO-EXTENSION DEFAULT SY-DATUM+0(4).
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_PERIO FOR COVP-PERIO DEFAULT SY-DATUM+4(2).
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_MATNR FOR COVP-MATNR.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_AUFNR FOR AUFK-AUFNR.
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF BLOCK BLK01.

4.数据查询和数据处理:

针对特定的表或者表关联做查询。

AT SELECTION-SCREEN.
IF  sy-ucomm =  'ONLI'.
  SELECT  *
  INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF  TABLE  GT_T001
  FROM  T001  WHERE  BUKRS IN  s_bukrs
  AND  KTOPL =   '1000'
  AND SPRAS = 1.
  LOOP AT  GT_T001  INTO Gs_T001.
    AUTHORITY-CHECK OBJECT 'ZFI_BUKRS' ID 'BUKRS' FIELD Gs_T001-BUKRS.
    IF SY-SUBRC <> 0 .
      MESSAGE '您没有分配公司代码' && Gs_T001-BUKRS && '权限，请检查' TYPE  'E'.
    ENDIF .
  ENDLOOP.
ENDIF.

START-OF-SELECTION.
  PERFORM PRM_GET_MAIN.
  PERFORM PRM_PROCE_DATA.
  PERFORM PRM_SET_FIELD.
  PERFORM PRM_SHOW.

我这是一个REPORT到底的，对于后面修改或者运维来说，只需要看到这里就可以了，到这里整个程序的结构已经出来了。针对每个点的修改都可以直接找到了，这就是用REPORT到底的好处。权限检查这个对于那种变态公司来说是必须的，对于一般公司来说就可有可无了。

START-OF-SELECTION.里分成四个FORM，一个取数，一个处理数据，一个设置显示样式，一个调函数展示。

（SAP出了很多新的语法，我都不习惯，我觉得之前的这种就很好，每次出现问题，都可以DEBUG，很明确的找到问题）

留个范文吧^_^

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Report  ZFIR025
*&
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*&
*&DESC :凭证明细表
*
*&AUTHOR: LY
*&
*&DATE:20160721
*&
*&
*&CHANGE LIST
*&  C  DEVK901712            2016.07.21 08:11:04 LIYUAN
*&  C   DEVK901869            2016.08.22 15:37:14 LIYUAN 增加本币金额
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*

REPORT ZFIR025.

TABLES:BKPF,BSEG,SKAT.


TYPES:BEGIN OF TY_SHOW,
        MONAT  TYPE BKPF-MONAT,
        BUDAT  TYPE BKPF-BUDAT,
        BELNR  TYPE BKPF-BELNR,
        BUKRS  TYPE BKPF-BUKRS,
        BKTXT  TYPE BKPF-BKTXT,
        GJAHR  TYPE BKPF-GJAHR,
        BLART  TYPE BKPF-BLART,
        WAERS  TYPE BKPF-WAERS,
        USNAM  TYPE BKPF-USNAM,
        AWKEY  TYPE BKPF-AWKEY,
        HKONT  TYPE BSEG-HKONT,
        KUNNR  TYPE BSEG-KUNNR,
        LIFNR  TYPE BSEG-LIFNR,
        KOSTL  TYPE BSEG-KOSTL,
        FKBER  TYPE BSEG-FKBER,
        WRBTR  TYPE BSEG-WRBTR,
        WRBTRS TYPE BSEG-WRBTR,
        WRBTRH TYPE BSEG-WRBTR,
        SHKZG  TYPE BSEG-SHKZG,
        MATNR  TYPE BSEG-MATNR,
        MAKTX  TYPE MAKT-MAKTX,       "added by stw 20170822
        XNEGP  TYPE BSEG-XNEGP,
        RSTGR  TYPE BSEG-RSTGR, "原因代码
        TXT40  TYPE T053S-TXT40, "原因代码文本
        LTEXT  TYPE CSKT-LTEXT, "成本中心文本
        DMBTR  TYPE BSEG-DMBTR,
        DMBTRS TYPE BSEG-DMBTR,
        DMBTRH TYPE BSEG-DMBTR,
        TXT50  TYPE SKAT-TXT50,
        GSBER  TYPE BSEG-GSBER,
        AUFNR  type bseg-AUFNR, "add by yin
      END OF TY_SHOW,
      BEGIN OF TY_T053S,
        RSTGR TYPE BSEG-RSTGR, "原因代码
        BUKRS TYPE BSEG-BUKRS, "原因代码
        TXT40 TYPE T053S-TXT40, "原因代码文本
      END OF TY_T053S,
      BEGIN OF TY_CSKT,
        KOSTL TYPE BSEG-KOSTL, "原因代码
        LTEXT TYPE CSKT-LTEXT, "原因代码文本
      END OF TY_CSKT.


DATA:GT_SHOW TYPE TABLE OF TY_SHOW,
     GW_SHOW LIKE LINE OF GT_SHOW,
     GT_T053 TYPE TABLE OF TY_T053S,
     GW_T053 LIKE LINE OF GT_T053,
     GT_CSKT TYPE TABLE OF TY_CSKT,
     GW_CSKT LIKE LINE OF GT_CSKT.

DATA:GT_FIELDCAT TYPE LVC_T_FCAT.
DATA GS_FIELDCAT LIKE LINE OF GT_FIELDCAT.
DATA LS_LAYOUT TYPE LVC_S_LAYO.
DATA:GT_T001 TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF T001,
     GS_T001 TYPE T001.

DEFINE APPEND_FIELDCAT .
  CLEAR GS_FIELDCAT.
  GS_FIELDCAT-FIELDNAME = &1.
  GS_FIELDCAT-SCRTEXT_L = &2.
  GS_FIELDCAT-OUTPUTLEN = &3.
  GS_FIELDCAT-NO_ZERO = &4.
  APPEND GS_FIELDCAT TO GT_FIELDCAT.
END-OF-DEFINITION.


SELECTION-SCREEN:BEGIN OF BLOCK BLK01 WITH FRAME TITLE TEXT-001.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_BUKRS FOR BKPF-BUKRS DEFAULT '1000'.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_GJAHR FOR BKPF-GJAHR DEFAULT SY-DATUM+0(4).
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_MONAT FOR BKPF-MONAT DEFAULT SY-DATUM+4(2).
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_BELNR FOR BKPF-BELNR.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_HKONT FOR BSEG-HKONT.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_KUNNR FOR BSEG-KUNNR.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_LIFNR FOR BSEG-LIFNR.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_KOSTL FOR BSEG-KOSTL MATCHCODE OBJECT ZSKAT.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_BLART FOR BKPF-BLART.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_BUDAT FOR BKPF-BUDAT.
SELECT-OPTIONS:S_GSBER FOR BSEG-GSBER.
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF BLOCK BLK01.
AT SELECTION-SCREEN.
IF  sy-ucomm =  'ONLI'.
  SELECT  *
  INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF  TABLE  GT_T001
  FROM  T001  WHERE  BUKRS IN  s_bukrs
  AND  KTOPL =   '1000'
  AND SPRAS = 1.
  LOOP AT  GT_T001  INTO Gs_T001.
    AUTHORITY-CHECK OBJECT 'ZFI_BUKRS' ID 'BUKRS' FIELD Gs_T001-BUKRS.
    IF SY-SUBRC <> 0 .
      MESSAGE '您没有分配公司代码' && Gs_T001-BUKRS && '权限，请检查' TYPE  'E'.
    ENDIF .
  ENDLOOP.
ENDIF.


START-OF-SELECTION.
  PERFORM PRM_GET_DATA.
  PERFORM PRM_PROCE_DATA.
  PERFORM PRM_SET_FIELD.
  PERFORM PRM_SHOW.


*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*&      Form  PRM_GET_DATA
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
*  -->  p1        text
*  <--  p2        text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM PRM_GET_DATA .
  SELECT
          BKPF~MONAT"  TYPE BKPF-MONAT,
          BKPF~BUDAT"  TYPE BKPF-BUDAT,
          BKPF~BELNR"  TYPE BKPF-BELNR,
          BKPF~BUKRS"  TYPE BKPF-BUKRS,
          BKPF~BKTXT"  TYPE BKPF-BKTXT,
          BKPF~GJAHR"  TYPE BKPF-GJAHR,
          BKPF~BLART"  TYPE BKPF-BLART,
          BKPF~WAERS"  TYPE BKPF-WAERS,
          BKPF~USNAM"  TYPE BKPF-USNAM,
          BKPF~AWKEY"  TYPE BKPF-USNAM,
          BSEG~HKONT"  TYPE BSEG-HKONT,
          BSEG~KOSTL"  TYPE BSEG-HKONT,
          BSEG~KUNNR"  TYPE BSEG-HKONT,
          BSEG~LIFNR"  TYPE BSEG-HKONT,
          BSEG~FKBER"  TYPE BSEG-HKONT,
          BSEG~WRBTR"  TYPE BSEG-WRBTR,
          BSEG~MATNR"  TYPE BSEG-WRBTR,
          BSEG~SHKZG"  TYPE BSEG-WRBTR,
          BSEG~XNEGP"  TYPE BSEG-WRBTR,
          BSEG~RSTGR"  TYPE BSEG-RSTGR,
          BSEG~DMBTR
          SKAT~TXT50"  TYPE SKAT-TXT50,
          BSEG~GSBER
          bseg~AUFNR "add by yin
    INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE GT_SHOW
    FROM BKPF
    INNER JOIN BSEG
    ON BKPF~BUKRS = BSEG~BUKRS
    AND BKPF~BELNR = BSEG~BELNR
    AND BKPF~GJAHR = BSEG~GJAHR
    INNER JOIN SKAT
    ON BSEG~HKONT = SKAT~SAKNR
    AND SKAT~SPRAS = '1'
    AND SKAT~KTOPL = '1000'
    WHERE BKPF~BUKRS IN S_BUKRS
    AND   BKPF~GJAHR IN S_GJAHR
    AND   BKPF~MONAT IN S_MONAT
    AND   BKPF~BELNR IN S_BELNR
    AND   BSEG~HKONT IN S_HKONT
    AND   BSEG~KUNNR IN S_KUNNR
    AND   BSEG~LIFNR IN S_LIFNR
    AND   BSEG~KOSTL IN S_KOSTL
    AND   BSEG~GSBER IN S_GSBER
    AND   BKPF~BLART IN S_BLART
    AND   BKPF~BUDAT IN S_BUDAT.

  IF GT_SHOW[] IS INITIAL.
    MESSAGE '无结果！' TYPE 'S' DISPLAY LIKE 'E'.
    LEAVE LIST-PROCESSING.
  ELSE.
    SELECT * INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE GT_T053
      FROM T053S WHERE SPRAS = '1'.

    SELECT * INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE GT_CSKT
      FROM CSKT WHERE SPRAS = '1' AND KOKRS = '1000'.
  ENDIF.
ENDFORM.
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*&      Form  PRM_PROCE_DATA
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
*  -->  p1        text
*  <--  p2        text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM PRM_PROCE_DATA .
  DATA:GS_SHOW LIKE LINE OF GT_SHOW.

*  SORT GT_SHOW BY BUKRS GJAHR BELNR KUNNR DESCENDING LIFNR DESCENDING." HKONT DESCENDING.

  LOOP AT GT_SHOW INTO GW_SHOW.
*    IF GW_SHOW-XNEGP = 'X'.
*      GW_SHOW-DMBTR = GW_SHOW-DMBTR * -1.
*    ENDIF.
    IF GW_SHOW-HKONT = '0002202002' AND GW_SHOW-LIFNR IS INITIAL."应付暂估 带出供应商
      SELECT SINGLE LIFNR INTO GW_SHOW-LIFNR FROM BSEG WHERE BUKRS = GW_SHOW-BUKRS AND BELNR = GW_SHOW-BELNR AND GJAHR = GW_SHOW-GJAHR AND LIFNR <> ''.
    ENDIF.

    IF GW_SHOW-HKONT = '0001406001' AND GW_SHOW-KUNNR IS INITIAL."应付暂估 带出供应商
      SELECT SINGLE KUNNR INTO GW_SHOW-KUNNR FROM BSEG WHERE BUKRS = GW_SHOW-BUKRS AND BELNR = GW_SHOW-BELNR AND GJAHR = GW_SHOW-GJAHR AND KUNNR <> ''.
    ENDIF.
    IF GW_SHOW-SHKZG = 'S'.
      IF GW_SHOW-XNEGP = 'X'.
        GW_SHOW-DMBTRH = GW_SHOW-DMBTR.
        GW_SHOW-WRBTRH = GW_SHOW-WRBTR.
      ELSE.
        GW_SHOW-DMBTRS = GW_SHOW-DMBTR.
        GW_SHOW-WRBTRS = GW_SHOW-WRBTR.
      ENDIF.
*      GW_SHOW-DMBTRS = GW_SHOW-DMBTR.
    ELSEIF GW_SHOW-SHKZG = 'H'.

      IF GW_SHOW-XNEGP = 'X'.
        GW_SHOW-DMBTRS = GW_SHOW-DMBTR * -1.
        GW_SHOW-WRBTRS = GW_SHOW-WRBTR * -1.
      ELSE.
        GW_SHOW-DMBTRH = GW_SHOW-DMBTR * -1.
        GW_SHOW-WRBTRH = GW_SHOW-WRBTR * -1.
      ENDIF.

      GW_SHOW-DMBTR = GW_SHOW-DMBTR * -1.
      GW_SHOW-WRBTR = GW_SHOW-WRBTR * -1.
*      GW_SHOW-DMBTRH = GW_SHOW-DMBTR.
    ENDIF.

    READ TABLE GT_T053 INTO GW_T053 WITH KEY BUKRS = GW_SHOW-BUKRS RSTGR = GW_SHOW-RSTGR.
    IF SY-SUBRC = 0.
      GW_SHOW-TXT40 = GW_T053-TXT40.
    ENDIF.

    READ TABLE GT_CSKT INTO GW_CSKT WITH KEY KOSTL = GW_SHOW-KOSTL.
    IF SY-SUBRC = 0.
      GW_SHOW-LTEXT = GW_CSKT-LTEXT.
    ENDIF.

    MODIFY GT_SHOW FROM GW_SHOW.
    CLEAR:GW_SHOW.
  ENDLOOP.

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
""""""added by stw 20170822
  LOOP AT GT_SHOW INTO GW_SHOW.
    IF GW_SHOW-MATNR IS NOT INITIAL.
      SELECT SINGLE MAKTX INTO GW_SHOW-MAKTX FROM MAKT WHERE MATNR = GW_SHOW-MATNR AND SPRAS = '1'.

      MODIFY GT_SHOW FROM GW_SHOW.
      CLEAR:GW_SHOW.
    ENDIF.
  ENDLOOP.
""""""added by stw 20170822
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
ENDFORM.
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*&      Form  PRM_SET_FIELD
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
*  -->  p1        text
*  <--  p2        text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM PRM_SET_FIELD .
  REFRESH GT_FIELDCAT.
  LS_LAYOUT-CWIDTH_OPT    = 'X'. "优化列宽选项是否设置
  LS_LAYOUT-ZEBRA                = 'X'.
*  ls_layout-box_fname        = 'SEL'.
  APPEND_FIELDCAT:'BUKRS'             '公司代码'              4   'X',
                  'GJAHR'             '会计年度'              4   'X',
                  'MONAT'             '会计期间'              2   'X',
                  'BUDAT'             '过账日期'              10   '',
                  'BELNR'             '凭证编号'              10  'X',
                  'AWKEY'             '凭证参考'              20  'X',
                  'BKTXT'             '摘要'                  25    '',
                  'HKONT'             '科目代码'              10    'X',
                  'TXT50'             '科目名称'              50    '',
                  'KUNNR'             '客户编号'              10    '',
                  'LIFNR'             '供应商编号'            10    '',
                  'FKBER'             '功能范围'              4    '',
                  'GSBER'             '业务范围'              4    '',
                  'AUFNR'             '内部订单'              18    '',
                  'WAERS'             '币别'                  3    '',
                  'KOSTL'             '成本中心'              10    'X',
                  'LTEXT'             '成本中心描述'          40    '',
                  'MATNR'             '物料编码'              18    'X',
                  'MAKTX'             '物料描述'              40    '',
                  'RSTGR'             '原因代码'              4     '',
                  'TXT40'             '原因代码描述'          40     '',
                  'WRBTR'             '原币金额'              16    '',
                  'WRBTRS'            '原币借方金额'          16    '',
                  'WRBTRH'            '原币贷方金额'          16    '',
                  'DMBTR'             '本币金额'              16    '',
                  'DMBTRS'            '本币借方金额'          16    '',
                  'DMBTRH'            '本币贷方金额'          16    '',
                  'USNAM'             '过账人'                12    ''.
ENDFORM.
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*&      Form  PRM_SHOW
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
*  -->  p1        text
*  <--  p2        text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM PRM_SHOW .
  DATA:LV_TITLE TYPE LVC_TITLE.

  DESCRIBE TABLE GT_SHOW LINES LV_TITLE.
  CONDENSE LV_TITLE NO-GAPS.

  CONCATENATE '结果共' LV_TITLE '条目！' INTO LV_TITLE.


  CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_GRID_DISPLAY_LVC'
    EXPORTING
      I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM       = SY-REPID
      I_CALLBACK_PF_STATUS_SET = 'PRM_SET_STATUS'
      I_CALLBACK_USER_COMMAND  = 'PRM_USER_COMMAND'
      IS_LAYOUT_LVC            = LS_LAYOUT
      IT_FIELDCAT_LVC          = GT_FIELDCAT[]
      I_GRID_TITLE             = LV_TITLE
      I_DEFAULT                = 'X'
      I_SAVE                   = 'A'
    TABLES
      T_OUTTAB                 = GT_SHOW
    EXCEPTIONS
      PROGRAM_ERROR            = 1
      OTHERS                   = 2.
  IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
  ENDIF.
ENDFORM.
FORM PRM_SET_STATUS USING RT_EXTAB TYPE SLIS_T_EXTAB.
  SET PF-STATUS 'ZSTAT'.
ENDFORM.
FORM PRM_USER_COMMAND USING P_UCOMM    LIKE SY-UCOMM
                        P_SELFIELD TYPE SLIS_SELFIELD.

  CHECK P_UCOMM = '&IC1'.

  READ TABLE GT_SHOW INTO GW_SHOW INDEX P_SELFIELD-TABINDEX.
  IF SY-SUBRC = 0.
    SET PARAMETER ID 'BLN' FIELD GW_SHOW-BELNR.
    SET PARAMETER ID 'BUK' FIELD GW_SHOW-BUKRS.
    SET PARAMETER ID 'GJR' FIELD GW_SHOW-GJAHR.

    CALL TRANSACTION 'FB03' AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN.
  ENDIF.
ENDFORM.