ArrayList 的一些认识:
- 非线程安全的动态数组(Array升级版),支持动态扩容
- 实现 List 接口、底层使用数组保存所有元素,其操作基本上是对数组的操作,允许null值
- 实现了 RandmoAccess 接口,提供了随机访问功能
- 线程安全可见Vector,实时同步
- 适用于访问频繁场景,频繁插入或删除场景请选用linkedList
■ 类定义
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
- 继承 AbstractList,实现了 List,它是一个数组队列,提供了相关的添加、删除、修改、遍历等功能
- 实现 RandmoAccess 接口,实现快速随机访问:通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象
- 实现 Cloneable 接口,重写 clone(),能被克隆(浅拷贝)
- 实现 java.io.Serializable 接口,支持序列化
■ 全局变量
/** * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored. * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any * empty ArrayList with elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA will be expanded to * DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added. * ArrayList底层实现为动态数组; 对象在存储时不需要维持,java的serialzation提供了持久化
* 机制,我们不想此对象被序列化,所以使用 transient */ private transient Object[] elementData;
/** * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains). * 数组长度 :注意区分长度(当前数组已有的元素数量)和容量(当前数组可以拥有的元素数量)的概念 * @serial */ private int size; /** * The maximum size of array to allocate.Some VMs reserve some header words in an array. * Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in OutOfMemoryError: * Requested array size exceeds VM limit * 数组所能允许的最大长度;如果超出就会报`内存溢出异常` -- 可怕后果就是宕机 */ private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
■ 构造器
/** * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity. * 创建一个指定容量的空列表 * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity is negative */ public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) { super(); if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+ initialCapacity); this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; }
/** * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten. * 默认容量为10 */ public ArrayList() { this(10); }
/** * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, * in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator. * 接受一个Collection对象直接转换为ArrayList * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null 万恶的空指针异常 */ public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) { elementData = c.toArray();//获取底层动态数组 size = elementData.length;//获取底层动态数组的长度 // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652) if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class) elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class); }
■主要方法
- add()
- 从源码上看,ArrayList 一般在尾部插入元素,支持动态扩容
- 不推荐使用频繁插入/删除是因为在执行add()/remove() 会调用非常耗时的 System.arraycopy(),频繁插入/删除场景请选用 LinkedList
/** * Appends the specified element to the end of this list. * 使用尾插入法,新增元素插入到数组末尾 * 由于错误检测机制使用的是抛异常,所以直接返回true * @param e element to be appended to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) */ public boolean add(E e) { //调整容量,修改elementData数组的指向; 当数组长度加1超过原容量时,会自动扩容 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! add属于结构性修改 elementData[size++] = e;//尾部插入,长度+1 return true; }
/** * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list. * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to * the right (adds one to their indices). * 支持插入一个新元素到指定下标 * 该操作会造成该下标之后的元素全部后移(使用时请慎重,避免数组长度过大) * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted * @param element element to be inserted * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public void add(int index, E element) { //下标边界校验,不符合规则 抛出 `IndexOutOfBoundsException` rangeCheckForAdd(index); //调整容量,修改elementData数组的指向; 当数组长度加1超过原容量时,会自动扩容 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! //注意是在原数组上进行位移操作,下标为 index+1 的元素统一往后移动一位 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,size - index); elementData[index] = element;//当前下标赋值 size++;//数组长度+1 }
- ensureCapacity() : 扩容,1.8 有个默认值的判断
//1.8 有个默认值的判断 public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) { int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) // any size if not default element table ? 0 // larger than default for default empty table. It's already // supposed to be at default size. : DEFAULT_CAPACITY; if (minCapacity > minExpand) { ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity); } } private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) { modCount++; // overflow-conscious code if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0) grow(minCapacity); }
- set() / get(): 直接操作下标指针
/** * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with * the specified element. * * @param index index of the element to replace * @param element element to be stored at the specified position * @return the element previously at the specified position * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public E set(int index, E element) { rangeCheck(index); //检测插入的位置是否越界 E oldValue = elementData(index); elementData[index] = element; return oldValue; }
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
- remove(): 移除其实和add差不多,也是用的是 System.arrayCopy(...)
/** * Removes the element at the specified position in this list. * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices). * * 移除指定下标元素,同时大于该下标的所有数组元素统一左移一位 * * @param index the index of the element to be removed * @return the element that was removed from the list 返回原数组元素 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public E remove(int index) { rangeCheck(index);//下标边界校验 E oldValue = elementData(index);//获取当前坐标元素 fastRemove(int index);//这里我修改了一下源码,改成直接用fastRemove方法,逻辑不变 return oldValue;//返回原数组元素 }
/** * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,if it is present. * If the list does not contain the element, it is unchanged. * More formally, removes the element with the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that * <tt>(o==null?get(i)==null:o.equals(get(i)))</tt> (if such an element exists). * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element * (or equivalently, if this list changed as a result of the call). * 直接移除某个元素: * 当该元素不存在,不会发生任何变化 * 当该元素存在且成功移除时,返回true,否则false * 当有重复元素时,只删除第一次出现的同名元素 : * 例如只移除第一次出现的null(即下标最小时出现的null) * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element */ public boolean remove(Object o) { //按元素移除时都需要按顺序遍历找到该值,当数组长度过长时,相当耗时 if (o == null) {//ArrayList允许null,需要额外进行null的处理(只处理第一次出现的null) for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) if (elementData[index] == null) { fastRemove(index); return true; } } else { for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) if (o.equals(elementData[index])) { fastRemove(index); return true; } } return false; }
- 封装 fastRemove()
/* * Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not return the value removed. * 私有方法,除去下标边界校验以及不返回移除操作的结果 */ private void fastRemove(int index) { modCount++;//remove操作属于结构性改动,modCount计数+1 int numMoved = size - index - 1;//需要左移的长度 if (numMoved > 0) //大于该下标的所有数组元素统一左移一位 System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,numMoved); elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work 长度-1,同时加快gc }
■ 遍历、排序
/** * Created by meizi on 2017/7/31. * List<数据类型> 排序、遍历 */ public class ListSortTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<Integer>(); nums.add(3); nums.add(5); nums.add(1); nums.add(0); // 遍历及删除的操作 /*Iterator<Integer> iterator = nums.iterator(); while (iterator.hasNext()) { Integer num = iterator.next(); if(num.equals(5)) { System.out.println("被删除元素:" + num); iterator.remove(); //可删除 } } System.out.println(nums);*/ //工具类(Collections) 进行排序 /*Collections.sort(nums); //底层为数组对象的排序,再通过ListIterator进行遍历比较,取替 System.out.println(nums);*/ //②自定义排序方式 /*nums.sort(new Comparator<Integer>() { @Override public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) { if(o1 > o2) { return 1; } else if (o1 < o2) { return -1; } else { return 0; } } }); System.out.println(nums);*/ //遍历 since 1.8 Iterator<Integer> iterator = nums.iterator(); iterator.forEachRemaining(obj -> System.out.print(obj)); //使用lambda 表达式 /** * Objects 展示对象各种方法,equals, toString, hash, toString */ /*default void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) { Objects.requireNonNull(action); while (hasNext()) action.accept(next()); }*/ } }
■ JDK 1.8 新增接口/类方法
public interface Collection<E> extends Iterable<E> { ..... //1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,返回分片迭代器 @Override default Spliterator<E> spliterator() { return Spliterators.spliterator(this, 0); } //1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,返回串行流对象 default Stream<E> stream() { return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false); } //1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,返回并行流对象 default Stream<E> parallelStream() { return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), true); } /** * Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given * predicate. Errors or runtime exceptions thrown during iteration or by * the predicate are relayed to the caller. * 1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,移除集合内所有匹配规则的元素,支持Lambda表达式 */ default boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) { //空指针校验 Objects.requireNonNull(filter); //注意:JDK官方推荐的遍历方式还是Iterator,虽然forEach是直接用for循环 boolean removed = false; final Iterator<E> each = iterator(); while (each.hasNext()) { if (filter.test(each.next())) { each.remove();//移除元素必须选用Iterator.remove()方法 removed = true;//一旦有一个移除成功,就返回true } } //这里补充一下:由于一旦出现移除失败将抛出异常,因此返回false指的仅仅是没有匹配到任何元素而不是运行异常 return removed; } } public interface Iterable<T>{ ..... //1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,用于遍历集合 default void forEach(Consumer<? super T> action) { Objects.requireNonNull(action); for (T t : this) { action.accept(t); } } //1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,返回分片迭代器 default Spliterator<T> spliterator() { return Spliterators.spliteratorUnknownSize(iterator(), 0); } } public interface List<E> extends Collection<E> { //1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,用于对集合进行排序,主要是方便Lambda表达式 default void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) { Object[] a = this.toArray(); Arrays.sort(a, (Comparator) c); ListIterator<E> i = this.listIterator(); for (Object e : a) { i.next(); i.set((E) e); } } //1.8新增方法:提供了接口默认实现,支持批量删除,主要是方便Lambda表达式 default void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) { Objects.requireNonNull(operator); final ListIterator<E> li = this.listIterator(); while (li.hasNext()) { li.set(operator.apply(li.next())); } } /** * 1.8新增方法:返回ListIterator实例对象 * 1.8专门为List提供了专门的ListIterator,相比于Iterator主要有以下增强: * 1.ListIterator新增hasPrevious()和previous()方法,从而可以实现逆向遍历 * 2.ListIterator新增nextIndex()和previousIndex()方法,增强了其索引定位的能力 * 3.ListIterator新增set()方法,可以实现对象的修改 * 4.ListIterator新增add()方法,可以向List中添加对象 */ ListIterator<E> listIterator(); }
■ 并行分片迭代器
- 并行分片迭代器是Java为了并行遍历数据源中的元素而专门设计的迭代器
- 并行分片迭代器借鉴了Fork/Join框架的核心思想:用递归的方式把并行的任务拆分成更小的子任务,然后把每个子任务的结果合并起来生成整体结果
- 并行分片迭代器主要是提供给Stream,准确说是提供给并行流使用,使用时推荐直接用Stream即可
default Stream<E> parallelStream() {//并行流 return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), true);//true表示使用并行处理 } static final class ArrayListSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> { private final ArrayList<E> list; //起始位置(包含),advance/split操作时会修改 private int index; // current index, modified on advance/split //结束位置(不包含),-1 表示到最后一个元素 private int fence; // -1 until used; then one past last index private int expectedModCount; // initialized when fence set /** Create new spliterator covering the given range */ ArrayListSpliterator(ArrayList<E> list, int origin, int fence, int expectedModCount) { this.list = list; // OK if null unless traversed this.index = origin; this.fence = fence; this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount; } /** * 获取结束位置,主要用于第一次使用时对fence的初始化赋值 */ private int getFence() { // initialize fence to size on first use int hi; // (a specialized variant appears in method forEach) ArrayList<E> lst; if ((hi = fence) < 0) { //当list为空,fence=0 if ((lst = list) == null) hi = fence = 0; else { //否则,fence = list的长度 expectedModCount = lst.modCount; hi = fence = lst.size; } } return hi; } /** * 对任务(list)分割,返回一个新的Spliterator迭代器 */ public ArrayListSpliterator<E> trySplit() { //二分法 int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1; return (lo >= mid) ? null : // divide range in half unless too small 分成两部分,除非不够分 new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(list, lo, index = mid,expectedModCount); } /** * 对单个元素执行给定的执行方法 * 若没有元素需要执行,返回false;若可能还有元素尚未执行,返回true */ public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) { if (action == null) throw new NullPointerException(); int hi = getFence(), i = index; if (i < hi) {//起始位置 < 终止位置 -> 说明还有元素尚未执行 index = i + 1; //起始位置后移一位 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)list.elementData[i]; action.accept(e);//执行给定的方法 if (list.modCount != expectedModCount) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); return true; } return false; } /** * 对每个元素执行给定的方法,依次处理,直到所有元素已被处理或被异常终止 * 默认方法调用tryAdvance方法 */ public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) { int i, hi, mc; // hoist accesses and checks from loop ArrayList<E> lst; Object[] a; if (action == null) throw new NullPointerException(); if ((lst = list) != null && (a = lst.elementData) != null) { if ((hi = fence) < 0) { mc = lst.modCount; hi = lst.size; } else mc = expectedModCount; if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) { for (; i < hi; ++i) { @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i]; action.accept(e); } if (lst.modCount == mc) return; } } throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } /** * 计算尚未执行的任务个数 */ public long estimateSize() { return (long) (getFence() - index); } /** * 返回当前对象的特征量 */ public int characteristics() { return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED; } }
■ list 与 Array 的转换问题
- Object[] toArray(); 可能会产生 ClassCastException
- <T> T[] toArray(T[] contents) -- 调用 toArray(T[] contents) 能正常返回 T[]
public class ListAndArray { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); list.add("java"); list.add("C++"); String[] strings = list.toArray(new String[list.size()]); //使用泛型可避免类型转换的异常,因为java不支持向下转换 System.out.println(strings[0]); } }
■ 关于Vector 就不详细介绍了,因为官方也并不推荐使用: (JDK 1.0)
- 矢量队列,作用等效于ArrayList,线程安全
- 官方不推荐使用该类,非线程安全推荐 ArrayList,线程安全推荐 CopyOnWriteList
- 区别于arraylist, 所有方法都是 synchronized 修饰的,所以是线程安全
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2018.8.21 新增ArrayList 1.8 功能