django -- 信号

信号

　　新增数据的数据的时候写一条日志可以用到信号

Django中提供了“信号调度”，用于在框架执行操作时解耦。通俗来讲，就是一些动作发生的时候，信号允许特定的发送者去提醒一些接受者。

使用:

1. 在项目下的__init__文件中

from django.core.signals import request_finished
from django.core.signals import request_started
from django.core.signals import got_request_exception

from django.db.models.signals import class_prepared
from django.db.models.signals import pre_init, post_init
from django.db.models.signals import pre_save, post_save
from django.db.models.signals import pre_delete, post_delete
from django.db.models.signals import m2m_changed
from django.db.models.signals import pre_migrate, post_migrate

from django.test.signals import setting_changed
from django.test.signals import template_rendered



def callback(sender,**kwargs):
    print('xxxxx')
    print(sender)

    print(kwargs)


def callback1(sender,**kwargs):
    print('111')
    print(sender)
    print(kwargs)


# post_save.connect(callback)
# post_save.connect(callback1)

2.视图函数中执行的操作会触发信号的回调函数

def index(request, *args):
    # models.Student.objects.create(name='alex')
    obj = models.Student.objects.get(pk=5)
    print(obj)
    obj.name = '222'
    obj.save()
    obj = models.Student.objects.create(name='alex',classes_id=1)
    return render(request, 'index.html',{'time':time.time()})

讲解:

1、Django内置信号

Model signals
    pre_init                    # django的model执行其构造方法前，自动触发
    post_init                   # django的model执行其构造方法后，自动触发
    pre_save                    # django的model对象保存前，自动触发
    post_save                   # django的model对象保存后，自动触发
    pre_delete                  # django的model对象删除前，自动触发
    post_delete                 # django的model对象删除后，自动触发
    m2m_changed                 # django的model中使用m2m字段操作第三张表（add,remove,clear）前后，自动触发
    class_prepared              # 程序启动时，检测已注册的app中modal类，对于每一个类，自动触发
Management signals
    pre_migrate                 # 执行migrate命令前，自动触发
    post_migrate                # 执行migrate命令后，自动触发
Request/response signals
    request_started             # 请求到来前，自动触发
    request_finished            # 请求结束后，自动触发
    got_request_exception       # 请求异常后，自动触发
Test signals
    setting_changed             # 使用test测试修改配置文件时，自动触发
    template_rendered           # 使用test测试渲染模板时，自动触发
Database Wrappers
    connection_created          # 创建数据库连接时，自动触发

对于Django内置的信号，仅需注册指定信号，当程序执行相应操作时，自动触发注册函数：

注册信号，写入与project同名的文件夹下的_init_.py文件中，也是换数据库引擎的地方。

from django.core.signals import request_finished
    from django.core.signals import request_started
    from django.core.signals import got_request_exception

    from django.db.models.signals import class_prepared
    from django.db.models.signals import pre_init, post_init
    from django.db.models.signals import pre_save, post_save
    from django.db.models.signals import pre_delete, post_delete
    from django.db.models.signals import m2m_changed
    from django.db.models.signals import pre_migrate, post_migrate

    from django.test.signals import setting_changed
    from django.test.signals import template_rendered

    from django.db.backends.signals import connection_created


    def callback(sender, **kwargs):
        print("xxoo_callback")
        print(sender,kwargs)

    xxoo.connect(callback)
    # xxoo指上述导入的内容

def my_callback(sender, **kwargs):
    print("Request finished!")

# 方法一：
from django.core.signals import request_finished

request_finished.connect(my_callback)

# 方法二：
from django.core.signals import request_finished
from django.dispatch import receiver

@receiver(request_finished)
def my_callback(sender, **kwargs):
    print("Request finished!")

示例

from django.db.models.signals import pre_save
from django.dispatch import receiver
from myapp.models import MyModel


@receiver(pre_save, sender=MyModel)
def my_handler(sender, **kwargs):
    ...

2、自定义信号

a. 定义信号

在某py文件中定义信号。

import django.dispatch
pizza_done = django.dispatch.Signal(providing_args=["toppings", "size"])

b. 注册信号

在_init_.py 中注册信号

def callback(sender, **kwargs):
    print("callback")
    print(sender,kwargs)
 
pizza_done.connect(callback)

c. 触发信号

from 路径 import pizza_done
 
pizza_done.send(sender='seven',toppings=123, size=456)

由于内置信号的触发者已经集成到Django中，所以其会自动调用，而对于自定义信号则需要开发者在任意位置触发。

官方文档对信号的描述: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/signals/