• [Java并发编程(一)] 线程池 FixedThreadPool vs CachedThreadPool ...


    [Java并发编程(一)] 线程池 FixedThreadPool vs CachedThreadPool ...

    摘要

    介绍 Java 并发包里的几个主要 ExecutorService 。

    正文

    CachedThreadPool

    CachedThreadPool 是通过 java.util.concurrent.Executors 创建的 ThreadPoolExecutor 实例。这个实例会根据需要,在线程可用时,重用之前构造好的池中线程。这个线程池在执行 大量短生命周期的异步任务时(many short-lived asynchronous task),可以显著提高程序性能。调用 execute 时,可以重用之前已构造的可用线程,如果不存在可用线程,那么会重新创建一个新的线程并将其加入到线程池中。如果线程超过 60 秒还未被使用,就会被中止并从缓存中移除。因此,线程池在长时间空闲后不会消耗任何资源。

    注意队列实例是:new SynchronousQueue()

    
    	/**
    	 * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
    	 * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
    	 * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
    	 * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
    	 * Calls to <tt>execute</tt> will reuse previously constructed
    	 * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
    	 * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
    	 * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
    	 * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
    	 * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
    	 * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
    	 * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
    	 *
    	 * @return the newly created thread pool
    	 */
    	public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
    	    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
    	                                  60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
    	                                  new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    	}
    

    FixedThreadPool

    FixedThreadPool 是通过 java.util.concurrent.Executors 创建的 ThreadPoolExecutor 实例。这个实例会复用 固定数量的线程 处理一个 共享的无边界队列 。任何时间点,最多有 nThreads 个线程会处于活动状态执行任务。如果当所有线程都是活动时,有多的任务被提交过来,那么它会一致在队列中等待直到有线程可用。如果任何线程在执行过程中因为错误而中止,新的线程会替代它的位置来执行后续的任务。所有线程都会一致存于线程池中,直到显式的执行 ExecutorService.shutdown() 关闭。

    注意队列实例是:new LinkedBlockingQueue()

    
        /**
         * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
         * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
         * <tt>nThreads</tt> threads will be active processing tasks.
         * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
         * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
         * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
         * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
         * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
         * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
         *
         * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
         * @return the newly created thread pool
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
         */
        public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
            return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                          0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                          new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
        }
    

    SingleThreadPool

    SingleThreadPool 是通过 java.util.concurrent.Executors 创建的 ThreadPoolExecutor 实例。这个实例只会使用单个工作线程来执行一个无边界的队列。(注意,如果单个线程在执行过程中因为某些错误中止,新的线程会替代它执行后续线程)。它可以保证认为是按顺序执行的,任何时候都不会有多于一个的任务处于活动状态。和 newFixedThreadPool(1) 的区别在于,如果线程遇到错误中止,它是无法使用替代线程的。

        
        /**
         * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
         * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
         * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
         * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
         * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
         * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
         * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
         * <tt>newFixedThreadPool(1)</tt> the returned executor is
         * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
         *
         * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
         */
        public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
            return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
                (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                        0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                        new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
        }
    
    

    程序演示

    • LiftOff

      
      	public class LiftOff implements Runnable {
      	    protected int countDown = 10; // Default
      	    private static int taskCount = 0;
      	    private final int id = taskCount++;
      	
      	    public LiftOff() {}
      	
      	    public LiftOff(int countDown) {
      	        this.countDown = countDown;
      	    }
      	
      	    public String status() {
      	        return "Thread ID: [" + String.format("%3d", Thread.currentThread().getId()) + "] #" + id + "(" + (countDown > 0 ? countDown : "LiftOff!") + ") ";
      	    }
      	
      	    @Override
      	    public void run() {
      	        while (countDown-- > 0) {
      	            System.out.println(status());
      	            Thread.yield();
      	        }
      	    }
      	
      	}	
      
      
    • CachedThreadPoolCase

      
      	public class CachedThreadPoolCase {
      	    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
      	        ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
      	        for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      	            exec.execute(new LiftOff());
      	            Thread.sleep(10);
      	        }
      	        exec.shutdown();
      	    }
      	}	
      
      

      当 sleep 间隔为 5 milliseconds 时,共创建了 3 个线程,并交替执行。

      当 sleep 间隔为 10 milliseconds 时,共创建了 2 个线程,交替执行。

    • FixedThreadPoolCase

      
      	public class FixedThreadPoolCase {
      	
      	    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
      	        ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
      	        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      	            exec.execute(new LiftOff());
      	            Thread.sleep(10);
      	        }
      	        exec.shutdown();
      	    }
      	}	
      
      

      无论 sleep 间隔时间是多少,总共都创建 3 个线程,并交替执行。

    • SingleThreadCase

      
      	public class SingleThreadPoolCase {
      	
      	    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
      	        ExecutorService exec = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
      	        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
      	            exec.execute(new LiftOff());
      	            Thread.sleep(5);
      	        }
      	        exec.shutdown();
      	    }
      	}
      
      

      无论 sleep 间隔时间是多少,总共都只创建 1 个线程。

    FixedThreadPool 与 CachedThreadPool 特性对比

    特性 FixedThreadPool CachedThreadPool
    重用 FixedThreadPool 与 CacheThreadPool差不多,也是能 reuse 就用,但不能随时建新的线程 缓存型池子,先查看池中有没有以前建立的线程,如果有,就 reuse ;如果没有,就建一个新的线程加入池中
    池大小 可指定 nThreads,固定数量 可增长,最大值 Integer.MAX_VALUE
    队列大小 无限制 无限制
    超时 无 IDLE 默认 60 秒 IDLE
    使用场景 所以 FixedThreadPool 多数针对一些很稳定很固定的正规并发线程,多用于服务器 大量短生命周期的异步任务
    结束 不会自动销毁 注意,放入 CachedThreadPool 的线程不必担心其结束,超过 TIMEOUT 不活动,其会自动被终止。

    最佳实践

    FixedThreadPool 和 CachedThreadPool 两者对高负载的应用都不是特别友好。

    CachedThreadPool 要比 FixedThreadPool 危险很多。

    如果应用要求高负载、低延迟,最好不要选择以上两种线程池:

    1. 任务队列的无边界:会导致内存溢出以及高延迟
    2. 长时间运行会导致 CachedThreadPool 在线程创建上失控

    因为两者都不是特别友好,所以推荐使用 ThreadPoolExecutor ,它提供了很多参数可以进行细粒度的控制。

    1. 将任务队列设置成有边界的队列

    2. 使用合适的 RejectionHandler - 自定义的 RejectionHandler 或 JDK 提供的默认 handler 。

    3. 如果在任务完成前后需要执行某些操作,可以重载

       beforeExecute(Thread, Runnable)
       afterExecute(Runnable, Throwable)
      
    4. 重载 ThreadFactory ,如果有线程定制化的需求

    5. 在运行时动态控制线程池的大小(Dynamic Thread Pool

    参考

    iteye: Java 并发包中的几种 ExecutorService

    stackoverflow: FixedThreadPool vs CachedThreadPool: the lesser of two evils

    blogjava: 深入浅出多线程(4)对CachedThreadPool OutOfMemoryError问题的一些想法

    结束

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/richaaaard/p/6599184.html
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