1.python的数据类型之列表
列表是Python开发语言中最常见的数据类型之一，通过列表可以实现对数据的增删改等常用操作。
列表的定义：例子
names = ["Lucy","Lily","jack"]
列表的常用功能
1）取出列表中的元素:例子
取出列表的第二个元素：通过下标的方式,下标从0开始计数。
取出列表的最后一个元素：
2）切片:例子 注意列表在切片的时候是包头不包尾。
例一：
names = ["Lucy","Lily","jack","rain"]
print (names[0:3])
运行结果如下：
['Lucy', 'Lily', 'jack']
例二：
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
print(datas[-1])
运行结果：lily
3）追加：例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas.append("新人")
print(datas)
运行结果：['jack', 'john', 'rain', 'lily', '新人']
4）插入：例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas.insert(1,"插入到下标为1的位置上")
print(datas)
运行结果：['jack', '插入到下标为1的位置上', 'john', 'rain', 'lily']
5）修改；例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas[2]="lilei"
print(datas)
运行结果：['jack', 'john', 'lilei', 'lily']
6）删除：例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
del datas[2]
print(datas)
运行结果：['jack', 'john', 'lily']
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
datas.remove("jack")
print(datas)
运行结果：['john', 'rain', 'lily']
7）拷贝：例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily"]
data = datas.copy()
print(data)
运行结果：['jack', 'john', 'rain', 'lily']
8）统计：例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john"]
print(datas.count("john"))
运行结果：2
9）排序和反转：例子
排序：
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2"]
datas.sort()
print(datas)
运行结果：['1', '2', 'jack', 'john', 'john', 'lily', 'rain']
反转：
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2"]
datas.reverse()
print(datas)
运行结果：['2', '1', 'john', 'lily', 'rain', 'john', 'jack']
10）获取列表里某个元素的下标位置：例子
datas = ["jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2"]
print(datas.index("lily"))
运行结果：3
2.python的数据类型之元组
元组与列表类似，也是存一组数，但是元组一旦创建，便不能再修改，所以又叫只读列表。
元组只有两个方法，一个是count,另一个是index。
例子1：
datas = ("jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2")
print(datas.index("rain"))
运行结果：2
例子2：
datas = ("jack","john","rain","lily","john","1","2")
print(datas.count("john"))
运行结果：2
3.python的数据类型之字符串
字符串的特性就是不可修改。
字符串的一些功能如下：
1）首字母大写
datas = "far across the distance and spaces between us"
print(datas.capitalize())
运行结果：Far across the distance and spaces between us
2）大写全部变小写
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us"
print(datas.casefold())
运行结果：far across the tistance and spaces between us
3）输出方式
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us"
print(datas.center(50,"-"))
运行结果：--Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us---
4）统计
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us Us"
print(datas.count("Us"))
运行结果：2
5）判断字符串是否以...结尾
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us Us"
print(datas.endswith("s"))
运行结果：True
6）查找字符,找到返回其索引， 找不到返回-1
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us"
print(datas.find("d"))
运行结果：26
datas = "Far Across The Tistance And Spaces Between Us"
print(datas.find("D"))
运行结果：-1
7）format使用方式
datas = "you are {} yeras old,your are {}."
print(datas.format(25,"Lily"))
运行结果：you are 25 yeras old,your are Lily.
datas = "you are {age} yeras old,your are {name}."
print(datas.format(name="Lucy",age=28))
运行结果：you are 28 yeras old,your are Lucy.
8）isdigit()：是否整数
print("9".isdigit())
运行结果：True
print("9a".isdigit())
运行结果：False
9）返回某字符所在字符串的索引
datas = "you are 22 yeras old,your are lily."
print(datas.index("s"))
运行结果：15
4.python的数据类型之字典
字典主要有两个特性：a.无序；b.key必须是唯一的。
字典的常用功能如下：
1）增加
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23"}
datas["job"]="IT"
print(datas)
运行结果：{'age': '23', 'name': 'lily', 'job': 'IT'}
2）修改
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23"}
datas["name"]="jack"
print(datas)
运行结果：{'age': '23', 'name': 'jack'}
3）删除
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
datas.pop("name")
print(datas)
运行结果：{'age': '23', 'job': 'IT'}
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
del datas["age"]
print(datas)
运行结果：{'name': 'lily', 'job': 'IT'}
4）查找
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
print("name" in datas)
运行结果：True
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
print(datas.get("age"))
运行结果：23
5）字典的循环
datas = {"name":"lily","age":"23","job":"IT"}
for i in datas:
print(i,datas[i])
运行结果：
job IT
name lily
age 23
5.文件
1) 打开文件
打开文件时，需要指定文件路径和以哪种方式打开文件，打开后，就可以获取该文件句柄并且把它赋值给一个变量，以后通过此文件句柄对该文件操作，对文件操作结束后，要关闭文件。
打开文件的主要模式如下：
r ，只读模式【默认】
w，只写模式【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则清空内容；】
x， 只写模式【不可读；不存在则创建，存在则报错】
a， 追加模式【可读； 不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容；】
"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件
r+， 读写【可读，可写】
w+，写读【可读，可写】
x+ ，写读【可读，可写】
a+， 写读【可读，可写】
2）对文件进行操作
文件句柄 = open('文件路径', '模式')：例子
例子1： f = open("test.txt",mode="r",encoding="utf-8") #以只读方式打开test.txt文件
例子2：
test.txt文件内容如下：
abcde
ABCDE
opqrst
程序代码内容如下：
f = open("test.txt","r",encoding="utf-8") #以只读方式打开文件且获取文件句柄
Files = f #把文件句柄赋值给变量Files
a = Files.read() #读取文件内容，并且把它赋值给一个变量
print(a) #输出或者打印文件内容
运行结果：
abcde
ABCDE
opqrst
例子3：
test.txt文件内容如下：
abcde
ABCDE
opqrst
程序代码如下：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
f = open("test.txt","r",encoding="utf-8")
Files = f
a = Files.readline() #读取文件的一行内容
print(a)
f.close()
运行结果如下：
abcde