kubeadm High availability cluster(1.23)

1、部署环境说明

本文通过kubeadm搭建一个高可用的k8s集群，kubeadm可以帮助我们快速的搭建k8s集群，高可用主要体现在对master节点组件及etcd存储的高可用，文中使用到的服务器ip及角色对应如下：

主机名称	ip地址	角色	配置
-	192.168.182.10	虚拟ip(vip)
k8s-master-01	192.168.182.11	master	8c/8g
K8s-master-02	192.168.182.12	master	8c/8g
K8s-master-03	192.168.182.13	master	8c/8g
k8s-node-01	192.168.182.14	node	8c/8g
K8s-node-02	192.168.182.15	node	8c/8g
K8s-node-03	192.168.182.16	node	8c/8g

2、集群架构及部署准备工作

2.1、集群架构说明

前面提到高可用主要体现在master相关组件及etcd，master中apiserver是集群的入口，搭建三个master通过keepalived提供一个vip实现高可用，并且添加haproxy来为apiserver提供反向代理的作用，这样来自haproxy的所有请求都将轮询转发到后端的master节点上。如果仅仅使用keepalived，当集群正常工作时，所有流量还是会到具有vip的那台master上，因此加上了haproxy使整个集群的master都能参与进来，集群的健壮性更强。对应架构图如下所示：

2.2、修改hosts及hostname

所有节点修改主机名和hosts文件

cat >> /etc/hosts <<EOF 
192.168.182.10    master.k8s.io   k8s-vip
192.168.182.11    master01.k8s.io k8s-master-01
192.168.182.12    master02.k8s.io k8s-master-02
192.168.182.13    master03.k8s.io k8s-master-03
192.168.182.14    node01.k8s.io   k8s-node-01
192.168.182.15    node02.k8s.io   k8s-node-02
192.168.182.16    node03.k8s.io   k8s-node-03
EOF

2.3、其他准备

所有节点操作

修改内核

# vi /etc/default/grub添加cgroup.memory=nokmem字段
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 intel_pstate=disable cgroup.memory=nokmem"
# 生成配置：
/usr/sbin/grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
# 重启机器：
reboot
# 验证：
cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/kubepods/burstable/pod*/*/memory.kmem.slabinfo 无输出即可。

主机时间同步
时间同步可以通过chrony或者ntp来实现

#查看时区
timedatectl
#检查chronyd状态
systemctl status chronyd
#添加时间服务器
vi /etc/chrony.conf
server 你要添加的时间服务器的ip iburst

关闭防火墙和selinux

systemctl disable firewalld --now && setenforce 0 && sed -i 's@SELINUX=enforcing@SELINUX=disabled@g' /etc/selinux/config

进行ssh免密

# 生成公私钥对
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# ssh-keygen
一路回车
# 发送公私钥对到各节点
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# ssh-copy-id k8s-master-01 && ssh-copy-id k8s-master-02 && ssh-copy-id k8s-master-03 && ssh-copy-id k8s-node-01 && ssh-copy-id k8s-node-02 && ssh-copy-id k8s-node-03

禁用swap
kubeadm会检查当前主机是否禁用了swap，如果启动了 swap将导致安装不能正常进行，所以需要禁用所有的swap。

# 临时关闭
$ swapoff -a && sysctl -w vm.swappiness=0
# 永久关闭，在文件中添加注释
$ vim /etc/fstab
...
UUID=7bf41652-e6e9-415c-8dd9-e112641b220e /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
# 或者利用sed命令完事儿
$ sed -ri '/^[^#]*swap/s@^@#@' /etc/fstab

设置系统其它参数

开启路由转发

$ cat >> /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF
$ modprobe br_netfilter
$ sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1

设置资源配置文件

cat >> /etc/security/limits.conf << EOF
* hard nofile 65535
* soft nofile 65535
* hard nproc 65535
* soft nproc 65535
* soft  memlock  unlimited
* hard memlock  unlimited
EOF

安装相关包

$ yum install -y conntrack-tools libseccomp libtool-ltdl

3、部署keepalived

在三台master操作

3.1、安装

$ yum install -y keepalived

3.2、配置

默认的keepalived配置较复杂，这里用更为简明的方式进行配置，另外的两台master配置和上面类似，只需要修改对应的state配置为BACKUP，priority权重值不同即可，配置中的其他字段这里不做说明。

k8s-master-01的配置：

cat > /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf <<EOF 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id k8s
}

vrrp_script check_haproxy {
    script "killall -0 haproxy"
    interval 3
    weight -2
    fall 10
    rise 2
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER 
    interface ens33 
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 250
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass ceb1b3ec013d66163d6ab
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.182.10
    }
    track_script {
        check_haproxy
    }

}
EOF

k8s-master-02的配置：

cat > /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf <<EOF 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id k8s
}

vrrp_script check_haproxy {
    script "killall -0 haproxy"
    interval 3
    weight -2
    fall 10
    rise 2
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP 
    interface ens33 
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 200
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass ceb1b3ec013d66163d6ab
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.182.10
    }
    track_script {
        check_haproxy
    }

}
EOF

k8s-master-03的配置：

cat > /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf <<EOF 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id k8s
}

vrrp_script check_haproxy {
    script "killall -0 haproxy"
    interval 3
    weight -2
    fall 10
    rise 2
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP 
    interface ens33 
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 150
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass ceb1b3ec013d66163d6ab
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.182.10
    }
    track_script {
        check_haproxy
    }

}
EOF

3.3、启动和检查

在三台master节点都启动服务

# 设置开机启动
$ systemctl enable keepalived.service
# 启动keepalived
$ systemctl start keepalived.service
# 查看启动状态
$ systemctl status keepalived.service

启动后查看k8s-master-01的网卡信息

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# ip a s ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:b6:6a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.182.11/24 brd 192.168.182.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.182.10/32 scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::af83:7b83:9859:d413/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

尝试停掉k8s-master-01的keepalived服务，查看vip是否能漂移到其他的master，并且重新启动k8s-master-01的keepalived服务，查看vip是否能正常漂移回来，证明配置没有问题。

4、部署haproxy

在三台master操作

4.1、安装

$ yum install -y haproxy

4.2、配置

三台master节点的配置均相同，配置中声明了后端代理的三个master节点服务器，指定了haproxy运行的端口为16443等，因此16443端口为集群的入口，其他的配置不做赘述。

cat > /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg << EOF
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Global settings
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
global
    # to have these messages end up in /var/log/haproxy.log you will
    # need to:
    # 1) configure syslog to accept network log events.  This is done
    #    by adding the '-r' option to the SYSLOGD_OPTIONS in
    #    /etc/sysconfig/syslog
    # 2) configure local2 events to go to the /var/log/haproxy.log
    #   file. A line like the following can be added to
    #   /etc/sysconfig/syslog
    #
    #    local2.*                       /var/log/haproxy.log
    #
    log         127.0.0.1 local2
    
    chroot      /var/lib/haproxy
    pidfile     /var/run/haproxy.pid
    maxconn     4000
    user        haproxy
    group       haproxy
    daemon 
       
    # turn on stats unix socket
    stats socket /var/lib/haproxy/stats
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# common defaults that all the 'listen' and 'backend' sections will
# use if not designated in their block
#---------------------------------------------------------------------  
defaults
    mode                    http
    log                     global
    option                  httplog
    option                  dontlognull
    option http-server-close
    option forwardfor       except 127.0.0.0/8
    option                  redispatch
    retries                 3
    timeout http-request    10s
    timeout queue           1m
    timeout connect         10s
    timeout client          1m
    timeout server          1m
    timeout http-keep-alive 10s
    timeout check           10s
    maxconn                 3000
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# kubernetes apiserver frontend which proxys to the backends
#--------------------------------------------------------------------- 
frontend kubernetes-apiserver
    mode                 tcp
    bind                 *:16443
    option               tcplog
    default_backend      kubernetes-apiserver    
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# round robin balancing between the various backends
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
backend kubernetes-apiserver
    mode        tcp
    balance     roundrobin
    server      master01.k8s.io   192.168.182.11:6443 check
    server      master02.k8s.io   192.168.182.12:6443 check
    server      master03.k8s.io   192.168.182.13:6443 check
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# collection haproxy statistics message
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
listen stats
    bind                 *:1080
    stats auth           admin:awesomePassword
    stats refresh        5s
    stats realm          HAProxy\ Statistics
    stats uri            /admin?stats
EOF

4.3、启动和检查

在三台master节点都启动服务

# 设置开机启动
$ systemctl enable haproxy
# 开启haproxy
$ systemctl start haproxy
# 查看启动状态
$ systemctl status haproxy

检查端口

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# netstat -lntup|grep haproxy
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:1080            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      7067/haproxy        
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:16443           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      7067/haproxy        
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:47041           0.0.0.0:*                           7066/haproxy

5、安装docker

所有节点操作，使用yum安装，参考安装 Docker 并配置镜像加速源

5.1、安装

# step 1: 安装必要的一些系统工具
$ yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
# Step 2: 添加软件源信息
$ sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
# Step 3: 查找Docker-CE的版本:
$ yum list docker-ce.x86_64 --showduplicates | sort -r
# Step 4: 安装指定版本的Docker-CE
$ yum makecache fast
$ yum install -y docker-ce-20.10.12

5.2、配置

修改docker的配置文件，目前k8s推荐使用的docker文件驱动是systemd，按照k8s官方文档可查看如何配置

cat <<EOF > /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "100m"
  },
  "storage-driver": "overlay2",
  "storage-opts": [
    "overlay2.override_kernel_check=true"
  ]
}
EOF

修改docker的服务配置文件，指定docker的数据目录为外挂的磁盘--graph /data/docker

$ vim /lib/systemd/system/docker.service
ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock --graph /data/docker

5.3、启动

启动docker服务

$ systemctl daemon-reload
$ systemctl start docker.service
$ systemctl enable docker.service
$ systemctl status docker.service

检查docker信息

$ docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.12
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.16.12
 Git commit:        e91ed57
 Built:             Mon Dec 13 11:45:41 2021
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.12
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.16.12
  Git commit:       459d0df
  Built:            Mon Dec 13 11:44:05 2021
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.4.12
  GitCommit:        7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.2
  GitCommit:        v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0

6、安装kubeadm，kubelet和kubectl

所有节点操作

6.1、添加阿里云k8s的yum源

cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

添加之后运行命令init 6重启使yum生效

6.2、安装

$ yum install -y kubelet-1.23.3 kubeadm-1.23.3 kubectl-1.23.3
$ systemctl enable kubelet

6.3、配置kubectl自动补全

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# source <(kubectl completion bash)
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc

7、安装master

在具有vip的master上操作，这里为k8s-master-01

7.1、创建kubeadm配置文件

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# mkdir /usr/local/kubernetes/manifests -p
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# cd /usr/local/kubernetes/manifests/
[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# vim kubeadm-config.yaml
apiServer:
  certSANs:
    - k8s-master-01
    - k8s-master-02
    - k8s-master-03
    - master.k8s.io
    - 192.168.182.10
    - 192.168.182.11
    - 192.168.182.12
    - 192.168.182.13
    - 127.0.0.1
  extraArgs:
    authorization-mode: Node,RBAC
  timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controlPlaneEndpoint: "master.k8s.io:16443"
controllerManager: {}
dns: 
  type: CoreDNS
etcd:
  local:    
    dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.23.3
networking: 
  dnsDomain: cluster.local  
  podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16
  serviceSubnet: 10.1.0.0/16
scheduler: {}

初始化master节点

[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# kubeadm init --config kubeadm-config.yaml 
your configuration file uses an old API spec: "kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta1". Please use kubeadm v1.15 instead and run 'kubeadm config migrate --old-config old.yaml --new-config new.yaml', which will write the new, similar spec using a newer API version.
To see the stack trace of this error execute with --v=5 or higher
[root@master1 manifests]# kubeadm init --config kubeadm-config.yaml higher
unknown command "higher" for "kubeadm init"
[root@master1 manifests]# kubeadm init --config kubeadm-config.yaml
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.23.2
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master-01 k8s-master-02 k8s-master-03 k8svip kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local master.k8s.io master1] and IPs [10.1.0.1 192.168.182.11 192.168.182.10 192.168.182.12 192.168.182.13 127.0.0.1]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost master1] and IPs [192.168.182.11 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost master1] and IPs [192.168.182.11 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 6.016472 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.23" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
NOTE: The "kubelet-config-1.23" naming of the kubelet ConfigMap is deprecated. Once the UnversionedKubeletConfigMap feature gate graduates to Beta the default name will become just "kubelet-config". Kubeadm upgrade will handle this transition transparently.
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master1 as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/master(deprecated) node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node master1 as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: ib8ffm.6kzhauayqi1mx33q
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

You can now join any number of control-plane nodes by copying certificate authorities
and service account keys on each node and then running the following as root:

  kubeadm join k8svip:16443 --token ib8ffm.6kzhauayqi1mx33q \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6a8e5c64b7aa00d6f5d57c0393d5f39c992d5a7ae18f2827c0dc93bc777040b0 \
	--control-plane 

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join k8svip:16443 --token ib8ffm.6kzhauayqi1mx33q \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6a8e5c64b7aa00d6f5d57c0393d5f39c992d5a7ae18f2827c0dc93bc777040b0

7.3、按照提示配置环境变量

[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

7.4、查看集群状态

[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# kubectl get cs
NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE                         ERROR
scheduler            Healthy   ok                              
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                              
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true","reason":""}   
[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-58cc8c89f4-56n7g                0/1     Pending   0          87s
coredns-58cc8c89f4-zclz7                0/1     Pending   0          87s
etcd-k8s-master-01                      1/1     Running   0          18s
kube-apiserver-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   0          21s
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-01   1/1     Running   0          33s
kube-proxy-ptjjn                        1/1     Running   0          87s
kube-scheduler-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   0          25s

8、安装集群网络

master节点操作

8.1、获取yaml

从官方地址获取到flannel的yaml

[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# mkdir flannel
[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# cd flannel
[root@k8s-master-01 flannel]# wget -c https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

8.2、安装

[root@k8s-master-01 flannel]# kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml 
podsecuritypolicy.policy/psp.flannel.unprivileged created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
serviceaccount/flannel created
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg created
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-amd64 created
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-arm64 created
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-arm created
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le created
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds-s390x created

8.3、检查

[root@k8s-master-01 flannel]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-58cc8c89f4-56n7g                1/1     Running   0          20m
coredns-58cc8c89f4-zclz7                1/1     Running   0          20m
etcd-k8s-master-01                      1/1     Running   0          19m
kube-apiserver-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   0          19m
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-01   1/1     Running   0          19m
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-8d8bc             1/1     Running   0          51s
kube-proxy-ptjjn                        1/1     Running   0          20m
kube-scheduler-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   0          19m

9、其他节点加入集群

9.1、master加入集群

9.1.1、复制密钥及相关文件

在第一次执行init的机器，此处为k8s-master-01上操作
复制文件到k8s-master-02

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# ssh root@192.168.182.12 mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# scp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf root@192.168.182.12:/etc/kubernetes
admin.conf                                                                                                                                        100% 5454   465.7KB/s   00:00    
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/{ca.*,sa.*,front-proxy-ca.*} root@192.168.182.12:/etc/kubernetes/pki
ca.crt                                                                                                                                            100% 1025    89.2KB/s   00:00    
ca.key                                                                                                                                            100% 1675   212.1KB/s   00:00    
sa.key                                                                                                                                            100% 1679   210.1KB/s   00:00    
sa.pub                                                                                                                                            100%  451    56.5KB/s   00:00    
front-proxy-ca.crt                                                                                                                                100% 1038   131.9KB/s   00:00    
front-proxy-ca.key                                                                                                                                100% 1679   208.3KB/s   00:00    
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.* root@192.168.182.12:/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
ca.crt                                                                                                                                            100% 1017   138.8KB/s   00:00    
ca.key

复制文件到k8s-master-03

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# ssh root@192.168.182.13 mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# scp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf root@192.168.182.13:/etc/kubernetes
admin.conf                                                                                                                                        100% 5454   824.2KB/s   00:00    
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/{ca.*,sa.*,front-proxy-ca.*} root@192.168.182.13:/etc/kubernetes/pki
ca.crt                                                                                                                                            100% 1025   144.6KB/s   00:00    
ca.key                                                                                                                                            100% 1675   218.0KB/s   00:00    
sa.key                                                                                                                                            100% 1679   245.7KB/s   00:00    
sa.pub                                                                                                                                            100%  451    57.3KB/s   00:00    
front-proxy-ca.crt                                                                                                                                100% 1038   132.6KB/s   00:00    
front-proxy-ca.key                                                                                                                                100% 1679   213.4KB/s   00:00    
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.* root@192.168.182.13:/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
ca.crt                                                                                                                                            100% 1017    55.0KB/s   00:00    
ca.key

9.1.2、master加入集群

分别在其他两台master上操作，执行在k8s-master-01上init后输出的join命令，如果找不到了，可以在master01上执行以下命令输出

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# kubeadm token create --print-join-command
kubeadm join master.k8s.io:16443 --token ckf7bs.30576l0okocepg8b     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:19afac8b11182f61073e254fb57b9f19ab4d798b70501036fc69ebef46094aba

在k8s-master-02上执行join命令，需要带上参数--control-plane表示把master控制节点加入集群

[root@k8s-master-02 ~]# kubeadm join master.k8s.io:16443 --token bottw9.qd4xhxik09vjmj71 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e89543d0125b2cf2cb7bd5675805b7eac22ea4f42bfbcfe1b49811f43d1d24bb --control-plane
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -o yaml'
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks before initializing the new control plane instance
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master-02 kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local master.k8s.io] and IPs [10.1.0.1 192.168.182.12]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master-02 localhost] and IPs [192.168.182.12 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master-02 localhost] and IPs [192.168.182.12 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Valid certificates and keys now exist in "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Using the existing "sa" key
[kubeconfig] Generating kubeconfig files
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[kubeconfig] Using existing kubeconfig file: "/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf"
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[endpoint] WARNING: port specified in controlPlaneEndpoint overrides bindPort in the controlplane address
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[check-etcd] Checking that the etcd cluster is healthy
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
[etcd] Announced new etcd member joining to the existing etcd cluster
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for "etcd"
[etcd] Waiting for the new etcd member to join the cluster. This can take up to 40s
The 'update-status' phase is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Currently it performs no operation
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master-02 as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/master(deprecated) node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master-02 as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]

This node has joined the cluster and a new control plane instance was created:

* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and approval was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
* Control plane (master) label and taint were applied to the new node.
* The Kubernetes control plane instances scaled up.
* A new etcd member was added to the local/stacked etcd cluster.

To start administering your cluster from this node, you need to run the following as a regular user:

	mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
	sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
	sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Run 'kubectl get nodes' to see this node join the cluster.


[root@k8s-master-02 ~]# mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
[root@k8s-master-02 ~]# sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
[root@k8s-master-02 ~]# sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

同样的，在k8s-master-03上执行join命令，输出及后续相关的步骤同上

[root@k8s-master-03 ~]# kubeadm join master.k8s.io:16443 --token bottw9.qd4xhxik09vjmj71 \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e89543d0125b2cf2cb7bd5675805b7eac22ea4f42bfbcfe1b49811f43d
	--control-plane
[root@k8s-master-03 ~]# mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
[root@k8s-master-03 ~]# sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
[root@k8s-master-03 ~]# sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

9.1.3、检查

在其中一台master上执行命令检查集群及pod状态

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# kubectl get node
NAME            STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
k8s-master-01   Ready    master   36m     v1.23.2
k8s-master-02   Ready    master   3m20s   v1.23.2
k8s-master-03   Ready    master   21s     v1.23.2
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE     NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-58cc8c89f4-56n7g                1/1     Running   0          36m
kube-system   coredns-58cc8c89f4-zclz7                1/1     Running   0          36m
kube-system   etcd-k8s-master-01                      1/1     Running   0          35m
kube-system   etcd-k8s-master-02                      1/1     Running   0          3m55s
kube-system   etcd-k8s-master-03                      1/1     Running   0          56s
kube-system   kube-apiserver-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   0          35m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-k8s-master-02            1/1     Running   0          3m55s
kube-system   kube-apiserver-k8s-master-03            1/1     Running   0          57s
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-01   1/1     Running   1          35m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-02   1/1     Running   0          3m55s
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-03   1/1     Running   0          57s
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-7hnhl             1/1     Running   1          3m56s
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-8d8bc             1/1     Running   0          17m
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-fp2rb             1/1     Running   0          57s
kube-system   kube-proxy-gzswt                        1/1     Running   0          3m56s
kube-system   kube-proxy-hdrq7                        1/1     Running   0          57s
kube-system   kube-proxy-ptjjn                        1/1     Running   0          36m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   1          35m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-k8s-master-02            1/1     Running   0          3m55s
kube-system   kube-scheduler-k8s-master-03            1/1     Running   0          57s

9.2、node加入集群

9.2.1、node加入集群

分别在其他三台node节点上操作，执行join命令
在k8s-node-01上操作

[root@k8s-node-02 ~]# kubeadm join master.k8s.io:16443 --token bottw9.qd4xhxik09vjmj71 \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e89543d0125b2cf2cb7bd5675805b7eac22ea4f42bfbcfe1b49811f43
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -o yaml'
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.

同理

[root@k8s-node-02 ~]# kubeadm join master.k8s.io:16443 --token bottw9.qd4xhxik09vjmj71 \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e89543d0125b2cf2cb7bd5675805b7eac22ea4f42bfbcfe1b49811f43
[root@k8s-node-03 ~]# kubeadm join master.k8s.io:16443 --token bottw9.qd4xhxik09vjmj71 \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e89543d0125b2cf2cb7bd5675805b7eac22ea4f42bfbcfe1b49811f43

9.2.2、检查

[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# kubectl get node
NAME            STATUS   ROLES    AGE    VERSION
k8s-master-01   Ready    master   42m    v1.23.2
k8s-master-02   Ready    master   9m3s   v1.23.2
k8s-master-03   Ready    master   6m4s   v1.23.2
k8s-node-01     Ready    <none>   31s    v1.23.2
k8s-node-02     Ready    <none>   28s    v1.23.2
k8s-node-03     Ready    <none>   38s    v1.23.2
[root@k8s-master-01 ~]# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE     NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-58cc8c89f4-56n7g                1/1     Running   0          41m
kube-system   coredns-58cc8c89f4-zclz7                1/1     Running   0          41m
kube-system   etcd-k8s-master-01                      1/1     Running   0          40m
kube-system   etcd-k8s-master-02                      1/1     Running   0          9m4s
kube-system   etcd-k8s-master-03                      1/1     Running   0          6m5s
kube-system   kube-apiserver-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   0          40m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-k8s-master-02            1/1     Running   0          9m4s
kube-system   kube-apiserver-k8s-master-03            1/1     Running   0          6m6s
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-01   1/1     Running   1          40m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-02   1/1     Running   0          9m4s
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-03   1/1     Running   0          6m6s
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-7hnhl             1/1     Running   1          9m5s
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-8d8bc             1/1     Running   0          22m
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-bwwlx             1/1     Running   0          33s
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-fp2rb             1/1     Running   0          6m6s
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-g9vdj             1/1     Running   0          40s
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-amd64-xcbfr             1/1     Running   0          30s
kube-system   kube-proxy-485dl                        1/1     Running   0          30s
kube-system   kube-proxy-8p688                        1/1     Running   0          40s
kube-system   kube-proxy-fdq7c                        1/1     Running   0          33s
kube-system   kube-proxy-gzswt                        1/1     Running   0          9m5s
kube-system   kube-proxy-hdrq7                        1/1     Running   0          6m6s
kube-system   kube-proxy-ptjjn                        1/1     Running   0          41m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-k8s-master-01            1/1     Running   1          40m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-k8s-master-02            1/1     Running   0          9m4s
kube-system   kube-scheduler-k8s-master-03            1/1     Running   0          6m6s

10、创建并了解一个 nginx Deployment

10.1、创建 Deployment

你可以通过创建一个 Kubernetes Deployment 对象来运行一个应用, 且你可以在一个 YAML 文件中描述 Deployment。例如, 下面这个 YAML 文件描述了一个运行 nginx:1.14.2 Docker 镜像的 Deployment：

application/deployment.yaml ![Copy application/deployment.yaml to clipboard](kubeadm High availability cluster.assets/copycode-16444859759592.svg)

#api版本
apiVersion: apps/v1
#类型:部署组
kind: Deployment
#元数据：
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  replicas: 2 # tells deployment to run 2 pods matching the template
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      
      - name: nginx
      #容器镜像
        image: nginx:1.14.2
        ports:
        #容器端口
        - containerPort: 80

通过 YAML 文件创建一个 Deployment：

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/deployment.yaml

显示 Deployment 相关信息：

kubectl describe deployment nginx-deployment

输出类似于这样：

Name:     nginx-deployment
Namespace:    default
CreationTimestamp:  Tue, 30 Aug 2016 18:11:37 -0700
Labels:     app=nginx
Annotations:    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision=1
Selector:   app=nginx
Replicas:   2 desired | 2 updated | 2 total | 2 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType:   RollingUpdate
MinReadySeconds:  0
RollingUpdateStrategy:  1 max unavailable, 1 max surge
Pod Template:
  Labels:       app=nginx
  Containers:
   nginx:
    Image:              nginx:1.7.9
    Port:               80/TCP
    Environment:        <none>
    Mounts:             <none>
  Volumes:              <none>
Conditions:
  Type          Status  Reason
  ----          ------  ------
  Available     True    MinimumReplicasAvailable
  Progressing   True    NewReplicaSetAvailable
OldReplicaSets:   <none>
NewReplicaSet:    nginx-deployment-1771418926 (2/2 replicas created)
No events.

列出 Deployment 创建的 Pods：

kubectl get pods -l app=nginx

输出类似于这样：

NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-1771418926-7o5ns   1/1       Running   0          16h
nginx-deployment-1771418926-r18az   1/1       Running   0          16h

展示某一个 Pod 信息：
```
kubectl describe pod <pod-name>
```
这里的 <pod-name> 是某一 Pod 的名称。

10.2、更新 Deployment

你可以通过更新一个新的 YAML 文件来更新 Deployment。下面的 YAML 文件指定该 Deployment 镜像更新为 nginx 1.16.1。

application/deployment-update.yaml ![Copy application/deployment-update.yaml to clipboard](kubeadm High availability cluster.assets/copycode-16444859759592.svg)

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.16.1 # Update the version of nginx from 1.14.2 to 1.16.1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

应用新的 YAML：

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/deployment-update.yaml

查看该 Deployment 以新的名称创建 Pods 同时删除旧的 Pods：
```
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
```

10.3、通过增加副本数来扩缩应用

你可以通过应用新的 YAML 文件来增加 Deployment 中 Pods 的数量。下面的 YAML 文件将 replicas 设置为 4，指定该 Deployment 应有 4 个 Pods：

application/deployment-scale.yaml ![Copy application/deployment-scale.yaml to clipboard](kubeadm High availability cluster.assets/copycode-16444859759592.svg)

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  replicas: 4 # Update the replicas from 2 to 4
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.14.2
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

应用新的 YAML 文件：

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/deployment-scale.yaml

验证 Deployment 有 4 个 Pods：

kubectl get pods -l app=nginx

输出的结果类似于:

NAME                               READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-148880595-4zdqq   1/1       Running   0          25s
nginx-deployment-148880595-6zgi1   1/1       Running   0          25s
nginx-deployment-148880595-fxcez   1/1       Running   0          2m
nginx-deployment-148880595-rwovn   1/1       Running   0          2m

10.4、删除 Deployment

基于名称删除 Deployment：

kubectl delete deployment nginx-deployment

11、安装dashboard

11.1、部署dashboard

地址：https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard
文档：https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard/
部署最新版本v2.5.0，下载yaml

[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# cd /usr/local/kubernetes/manifests/
[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# mkdir dashboard
[root@k8s-master-01 manifests]# cd dashboard/
[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# wget -c https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.5.0/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml
# 修改service类型为nodeport
[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# vim recommended.yaml
...
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
      nodePort: 30001
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
...
[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# kubectl apply -f recommended.yaml 
namespace/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
service/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs unchanged
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-csrf configured
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder unchanged
configmap/kubernetes-dashboard-settings unchanged
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard unchanged
service/dashboard-metrics-scraper unchanged
deployment.apps/dashboard-metrics-scraper unchanged
[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# kubectl get pods -n kubernetes-dashboard 
NAME                                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
dashboard-metrics-scraper-76585494d8-62vp9   1/1     Running   0          6m47s
kubernetes-dashboard-b65488c4-5t57x          1/1     Running   0          6m48s
[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# kubectl get svc -n kubernetes-dashboard
NAME                        TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)         AGE
dashboard-metrics-scraper   ClusterIP   10.1.207.27    <none>        8000/TCP        7m6s
kubernetes-dashboard        NodePort    10.1.207.168   <none>        443:30001/TCP   7m7s
# 在node上通过https://nodeip:30001访问是否正常

11.2、创建service account并绑定默认cluster-admin管理员集群角色

[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# vim dashboard-adminuser.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: admin-user
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# kubectl apply -f dashboard-adminuser.yaml 
serviceaccount/admin-user created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/admin-user created

获取token

[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# kubectl apply -f dashboard-adminuser.yaml
serviceaccount/admin-user created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/admin-user created
[root@k8s-master-01 dashboard]# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard describe secret $(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret | grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')
Name:         admin-user-token-vrbc4
Namespace:    kubernetes-dashboard
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  kubernetes.io/service-account.name: admin-user
              kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: c2c5d076-a7a5-4a1e-ae33-e8efd68da6e7

Type:  kubernetes.io/service-account-token

Data
====
ca.crt:     1099 bytes
namespace:  20 bytes
token:      eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjBFUjh0WUxLZEQwazEzdnZNUlpsRzRKTWg5Zk5VcjN4N09CSXBnRVZIeUkifQ.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.FeNxOw_zW9AYMINRehz-Z3DKk-mEos3_pRcTQAHsb0J7sgdUh22n_P3-SgDnt2bgh7fbOW2MeQhpFclg3GKbxIqPx5V4Oh3cOn8fgJhmrsOJWP67na7qFAYfeB8r7-avWL1T185Y7Zcodij4-GdjrsGvsy-bmYoBLF2Dtg_pIhtIb4MQuGq0IaKlJABjOry9WII2J03CZ1pCgVP_jyfkRbchxv86IV7LWjVwI5oghTe2uzhgwtIT3OJ0x6aUFc621e7nAZ3VHK2rhNAlmIc_4jmIGgmDYZdktvcRVZksjQbwHtGh-rEyW3D9mQRxlyyMyc2SC0CE4f1lEb4zAIIWNg

原文链接：https://icode9.com/content-4-1229391.html

本机器访问

master机器输入命令，此时命令为挂起状态

kubectl proxy --address='0.0.0.0' --accept-hosts='^*$'&

在本机浏览器输入（注意必须是 http），对，没错就是这么长的连接：

http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/

外部机器访问

端口转发模式：
监听所有IP地址，并将8080转发至443https端口访问。

kubectl port-forward -n kubernetes-dashboard --address 0.0.0.0 service/kubernetes-dashboard 8080:443

这时在外部机器浏览器输入，（注意必须是 https），对，没错就是这么短的连接即可访问：

https://192.168.182.14:8080/

11.3、使用token登录到dashboard界面

相关阅读:
怎样使用 Apache ab 以及 OneAPM 进行压力測试？
opencv之haar特征+AdaBoos分类器算法流程(三)
分区函数Partition By的与row_number()的用法以及与排序rank()的用法详解(获取分组(分区)中前几条记录)
REST API 调用方法
 WebApi的安全性及其解决方案
 使用Topshelf创建Windows服务
 LINQ查询操作符之First、FirstOrDefault、Last、LastOrDefault、ElementAt、ElementAtOrDefault、Contains、Any、All、Count
sqlbulkcopy 多表批量保存
 C#使用HttpWebRequest和HttpWebResponse上传文件示例
 C#模拟客户端发送数据示例
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/pengpengboshi/p/16035166.html