参考：http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/UBIFS_Support#Creating_UBIFS_file_system
UBIFS
UBIFS may be considered as the next generation of the JFFS2 file-system.
JFFS2 file system works on top of MTD devices, but UBIFS works on top of UBI volumes and cannot operate on top of MTD devices. In other words, there are 3 subsystems involved:
- MTD subsystem, which provides uniform interface to access flash chips. MTD provides an notion of MTD devices (e.g., /dev/mtd0) which basically represents raw flash;
- UBI subsystem, which is a wear-leveling and volume management system for flash devices; UBI works on top of MTD devices and provides a notion of UBI volumes; UBI volumes are higher level entities than MTD devices and they are devoid of many unpleasant issues MTD devices have (e.g., wearing and bad blocks); see here for more information;
- UBIFS file system, which works on top of UBI volumes.
For more information on MTD, refer <http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/general.html>
For more information on UBI, refer <http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html>
For more information on UBIFS, refer <http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubifs.html>
UBIFS User-space tools
UBI user-space tools, as well as other MTD user-space tools, are available from the the following git repository: git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git
The repository contains the following UBI tools:
ubinfo - provides information about UBI devices and volumes found in the system;
ubiattach - attaches MTD devices (which describe raw flash) to UBI and creates corresponding UBI devices;
ubidetach - detaches MTD devices from UBI devices (the opposite to what ubiattach does);
ubimkvol - creates UBI volumes on UBI devices;
ubirmvol - removes UBI volumes from UBI devices;
ubiupdatevol - updates UBI volumes; this tool uses the UBI volume update feature which leaves the volume in
"corrupted" state if the update was interrupted; additionally, this tool may be used to wipe
out UBI volumes;
ubicrc32 - calculates CRC-32 checksum of a file with the same initial seed as UBI would use;
ubinize - generates UBI images;
ubiformat - formats empty flash, erases flash and preserves erase counters, flashes UBI images to MTD devices;
mtdinfo - reports information about MTD devices found in the system.
All UBI tools support "-h" option and print sufficient usage information.
UBIFS Implementation Details
- The UBIFS file system is supported with 8-bit BCH ECC scheme by default. The 8-bit BCH ECC scheme is aligned across ROM, U-boot and Kernel.
- Both UBIFS and 8-bit BCH scheme are enabled in the Uboot and Kernel by default.
Configuration
Note: The following configuration is enabled in the kernel by default.
To enable UBIFS support, start the Linux Kernel Configuration tool:
$ make menuconfig
(1)
- Select Device Drivers from the main menu.
...
...
Power management options --->
[ ] Networking support --->
Device Drivers --->
...
Select Memory Technology Device (MTD) Supportas shown here:
...
...
< > Connector - unified userspace <-> kernelspace linker --->
<*> Memory Technology Device (MTD) support --->
< > Parallel port support --->
...
Select Enable UBI - Unsorted block images as shown here:
...
<*> Enable UBI - Unsorted block images --->
(2)
- Select Device Drivers from the main menu.
...
...
Power management options --->
[ ] Networking support --->
Device Drivers --->
...
Select Memory Technology Device (MTD) Supportas shown here:
...
...
< > Connector - unified userspace <-> kernelspace linker --->
<*> Memory Technology Device (MTD) support --->
< > Parallel port support --->
...
Select NAND Device Support as shown here:
...
...
[ ] NAND ECC Smart Media byte order
<*> NAND Device Support --->
...
Deselect Verify NAND page writes from the main menu.
[ ] Verify NAND page writes
...
...
(3)
- Select File Systems from the main menu.
...
...
Device Drivers --->
File systems --->
...
Select Miscellaneous filesystemsas shown here:
...
...
Pseudo filesystems --->
[*] Miscellaneous filesystems --->
[*] Network File Systems --->
...
Select UBIFS file system support' as shown here:
...
...
<*> UBIFS file system support
[ ] Extended attributes support
[ ] Advanced compression options
[ ] Enable debugging support
...
Compilling UBIFS Tools
The MTD and UBI user-space tools are available from the the following git repository:
git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git
As of writing this wiki, the mtd-utils version is 1.4.8.
For instructions on compiling MTD-utils, refer MTD-Utils Compilation.
Creating UBIFS file system
From information on how to create a UBIFS image. refer create an UBIFS image
- mkfs.ubifs
mtd-utils# mkfs.ubifs/mkfs.ubifs -r filesystem/ -F -o ubifs.img -m 2048 -e 126976 -c 1580
Where:
-m 2KiB (or 2048)
The minimum I/O size of the underlying UBI and MTD devices. In our case, we are running the flash with no sub-page writes, so this is a 2KiB page.
-e 124KiB (or 126976)
Erase Block Size: UBI requires 2 minimum I/O units out of each Physical Erase Block (PEB) for overhead: 1 for maintaining erase count information, and 1 for maintaining the Volume ID information. The PEB size for the XO flash is 128KiB, so this leads to each Logical Erase Block (LEB) having 124KiB available for data.
-c 1580
The maximum size, in LEBs, of this file system. See calculation below for how this number is determined.
-r filesystem
Use the contents of the 'filesystem/' directory to generate the initial file system image.
-F
File-system free space has to be fixed up on first mount (http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/faq/ubifs.html#L_free_space_fixup)
-o ubifs.img
Output file.
On AM335x, -F option is required when creating ubifs image. If this option is not used, Kernel may crash while loading the Filesystem from UBI partition.
The output of the above command, ubifs.img is fed into the 'ubinize' program to wrap it into a UBI image.
The images produced by mkfs.ubifs must be further fed to the ubinize tool to create a UBI image which must be put to the raw flash to be used a UBI partition.
- Create ubinize.cfg file and write the contents into it
mtd-utils# vi ubinize.cfg
[ubifs] <== Section header
mode=ubi <== Volume mode (other option is static)
image=ubifs.img <== Source image
vol_id=0 <== Volume ID in UBI image
vol_size=192MiB <== Volume size
vol_type=dynamic <== Allow for dynamic resize
vol_name=rootfs <== Volume name
vol_flags=autoresize <== Autoresize volume at first mount
[See calculations below to determine the value associated with 'vol_size']
- ubinize
mtd-utils# ubi-utils/ubinize -o ubi.img -m 2048 -p 128KiB -s 512 -O 2048 ubinize.cfg
Where:
-o ubi.img
Output file
-m 2KiB (or 2048)
Minimum flash I/O size of 2KiB page
-p 128KiB
Size of the physical eraseblock of the flash this UBI image is created for
-O 2048 offset if the VID header from start of the physical eraseblock
The output of the above command, 'ubi.img' is the required image.
Calculations
Usable Size Calculation
As documented here, UBI reserves a certain amount of space for management and bad PEB handling operations. Specifically:
- 2 PEBs are used to store the UBI volume table
- 1 PEB is reserved for wear-leveling purposes;
- 1 PEB is reserved for the atomic LEB change operation;
- a % of PEBs is reserved for handling bad EBs. The default for NAND is 1%
- UBI stores the erase counter (EC) and volume ID (VID) headers at the beginning of each PEB. 1 min I/O unit is required for each of these.
To calculate the full overhead, we need the following values:
| Symbol | Meaning | Value for XO test case |
|---|---|---|
| SP | PEB Size | 128KiB |
| SL | LEB Size | 128KiB - 2 * 2KiB = 124 KiB |
| P | Total number of PEBs on the MTD device | 200MiB / 128KiB = 1600 |
| B | Number of PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling | 1% of P = 16 |
| O | The overhead related to storing EC and VID headers in bytes, i.e. O = SP - SL | 4KiB |
UBI Overhead = (B + 4) * SP + O * (P - B - 4)
= (16 + 4) * 128Kib + 4 KiB * (1600 - 16 - 4)
= 8880 KiB
= 69.375 PEBs (round to 69)
This leaves us with 1531 PEBs or 195968KiB available for user data.
Note that we used "-c 1580" in the above mkfs.ubifs command line to specify the maximum filesystem size, not "-c 1531" The reason for this is that mkfs.ubifs operates in terms of LEB size (124 KiB), not PEB size (128Kib). 195968KiB / 124 Kib = 1580.39 (round to 1580).
Volume size = 195968KiB (~192MiB)
Using UBIFS file system
Preparing NAND partition
Kindly erase the NAND partition before using it for UBI file system. The partition can be erased from either u-boot or from Linux.
Follow below steps to erase.
- From U-boot. Assuming NAND partition to be erased starts from "0x780000" and is of size "0xF880000".
u-boot# nand erase 0x00780000 0xF880000
- From Linux. Assuming MTD partition 7 needs to be erased and used for UBI file system.
root@arago-armv7:~# flash_eraseall /dev/mtd7
Flashing UBIFS image to a NAND partition
We can Flash UBIFS image from either Linux Kernel or U-Boot.
Follow steps mentioned here to create an UBIFS image.
From U-Boot,
Get the UBIFS image to U-Boot from tftp or MMC/SD or UART. Lets consider an example of MMC card.
Since we copy the data to NAND, Empty/Erase the required RAM. Then, get the UBIFS image to U-Boot
u-boot# mw.b 0x82000000 0xFF <filesystem_image_size> <=== filesystem image size is upward aligned to NAND block size,
This is required to get rid of "Empty Flash" JFFS2 during kernel boot.
u-boot# mmc rescan
u-boot# fatload mmc 0 0x82000000 ubi.img
Next, erase the and flash the UBIFS image to correct NAND partition.
On flashing UBIFS image from U-Boot, make sure that ECC selected is in sync with Linux
Assuming
- NAND partition to be erased starts from "0x780000",
- NAND partition of size "0xF880000" and
- File system image size to be flashed is 0xFC0000 which is upward aligned to NAND block size
u-boot# nand erase 0x780000 0xF880000
u-boot# nand write 0x82000000 0x780000 0xFC0000
From Linux,
- Flash the UBI file system image (ubi.img) to MTD partition "X"
ubiformat /dev/mtd<X> -f ubi.img -s <subpagesize> -O 2048
Here subpage size depends MTD driver. Find subpage size of MTD partition using
mtdinfo /dev/mtd<X>
Assuming 7th mtd partition with 2048 byte subpage size, we can use the following command to flash the ubifs image to partition 7.
#ubiformat /dev/mtd7 -f ubi.img -s 2048 -O 2048
Using UBIFS image as root file system
- Set up the bootargs environment variable as below to use the UBIFS file system image present in a MTD partition:
setenv bootargs 'console=ttyO0,115200n8 noinitrd ip=off mem=256M rootwait=1 rw ubi.mtd=X,YYYY rootfstype=ubifs root=ubi0:rootfs init=/init'
Where X is the MTD partition number being used for file system and YYYY is the NAND page size. make sure that an UBI file system is flashed into this partition before passing it as a boot partition for Linux.
Assuming 7th mtd partition,
#setenv bootargs 'console=ttyO0,115200n8 noinitrd ip=off mem=256M rootwait=1 rw ubi.mtd=7,2048 rootfstype=ubifs root=ubi0:rootfs init=/init'
On booting with UBIFS as rootfs, the first boot happens successfully. Before subsequent boot-ups, it is recommended to do a manual "sync" from the console. This allows UBIFS meta data properly updated on the partition. This initial sync will help later recovery.
Mounting UBIFS image as a regular NAND partition
Assuming UBIFS image is already flashed to a NAND Partition, follow below steps to mount the same.
- Attach MTD device to UBI
ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m <X> -O 2048
Where "X" is the MTD partition number
Mtd device number 7 can be attached to ubi using
#ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 7 -O 2048
- Mount the UBIFS image
mount -t ubifs ubiX:NAME /mount/point
Where "X" - UBI device number and "NAME" - UBI volume name from ubinize.cfg file.
Assuming ubi device 0 and rootfs is the volume name given in ubinize.cfg, ubifs image can be mounted to /media/card using
#mount -t ubifs ubi0:rootfs /media/card
On mounting UBIFS as regular partition, it is recommended to do a manual "sync" from the console after mounting. This allows UBIFS meta data properly updated on the partition. This initial sync will help later recovery.
Mounting a NAND partition using UBIFS
We can mount a particular NAND partition with UBIFS file system in the following way
- Format and attach the MTD partition
ubiformat /dev/mtd<X> -s <subpagesize> -O 2048
ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m <X> -O 2048
Where "X" is the MTD partition number and "subpagesize" determined using mtdinfo command
MTD partition number 7 with 2048 subpage size can be formatted and attched using
ubiformat /dev/mtd7 -s 2048 -O 2048
#ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 7 -O 2048
- Create an UBI volume - the created volume will be empty
ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N <label> -s XXMiB
Where "XX" is the size of the partition to be mounted and "label" is the name for the volume.
10 MB ubi volume can be created with label ubifs_volume as
ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N ubifs_volume -s 10MiB
Also, user can create a UBI volume with volume size set to maximum available size
ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N <label> –m
where "label" is the name for the volume.
ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N ubifs_volume –m
- Mount the MTD partition
mount -t ubifs ubi0:<label> /mount/point
Make sure that the "label" used during ubimkvol is passed as an argument here.
Mounting of ubi volume can be achieved using
#mount -t ubifs ubi0:ubifs_volume /media/card
On mounting NAND partition as UBIFS, it is recommended to do a manual "sync" from the console after mounting NAND partition. This allows UBIFS meta data properly updated on the partition. This initial sync will help later recovery.