• psql元命令使用说明


    版本说明:

               PostgresQL 10.9


    psql提供了丰富的元命令,以“”开头,使用元命令可以高效、便捷的对数据库进行管理。psql命令的格式是用反斜线后面直接跟上一个命令动词,然后是一些参数。

    在使用前可以使用“?”来获取帮助信息,了解可以使用的命令清单。

    $ psql
    
    psql (10.9)
    
    Type "help" for help.
    
    
    postgres=# ?

    由于篇幅限制,输出的内容不在这里描述,以下内容将介绍几种常用的元命令。

    1 查看当前数据库的连接信息(conninfo)

    $ psql
    psql (10.9)
    Type "help" for help.
    
    postgres=# conninfo
    You are connected to database "postgres" as user "postgres" via socket in "/tmp" at port "5432".
    postgres=# 

    2 修改当前工作路径(cd [directory])

    如果不带参数,则切换到当前用户的主目录。! pwd用来显示当前工作路径(叹号后有空格)。

    postgres=# ! pwd
    /home/postgres
    postgres=# !pwd
    Invalid command !pwd. Try ? for help.
    postgres=# cd /pgtbs
    postgres=# ! pwd
    /pgtbs
    postgres=# 

    3 查看表、视图和序列的访问权限(dp)

    列出表、视图和序列,包括与它们相关的访问特权。

    $ psql mydb pguser
    psql (10.9)
    Type "help" for help.
    
    mydb=> dp
                                Access privileges
     Schema | Name | Type  | Access privileges | Column privileges | Policies 
    --------+------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+----------
     public | t1   | table |                   |                   | 
    (1 row)
    
    mydb=> 

    4 查看已定义的配置信息(drds)

    列出已定义的配置设置。这些设置可以是针对角色的、针对数据库的或者同时针对两者的。

    mydb=> drds
    Did not find any settings.
    mydb=> 

    5 查看数据库角色信息(du)

    mydb=> du
                                       List of roles
     Role name |                         Attributes                         | Member of 
    -----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
     pguser    |                                                            | {}
     postgres  | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
    
    mydb=> 

    6 查看字符集编码(encoding)

    mydb=> encoding
    UTF8
    mydb=>

    7 查看最近发生的错误信息(errverbose)

    将以最详细程度展示出最近的服务器错误消息。

    mydb=> select * from t2;
    ERROR:  relation "t2" does not exist
    LINE 1: select * from t2;
                          ^
    mydb=> 
    mydb=> errverbose
    ERROR:  42P01: relation "t2" does not exist
    LINE 1: select * from t2;
                          ^
    LOCATION:  parserOpenTable, parse_relation.c:1180
    mydb=> 

    8 显示执行时间( iming on | off)

    mydb=> 	iming on
    Timing is on.
    mydb=> select id,name from t1 limit 10;
     id |  name   
    ----+---------
      1 | 1_tank
      2 | 2_tank
      3 | 3_tank
      4 | 4_tank
      5 | 5_tank
      6 | 6_tank
      7 | 7_tank
      8 | 8_tank
      9 | 9_tank
     10 | 10_tank
    (10 rows)
    
    Time: 0.698 ms
    mydb=> 

    9 转义到shell(! [command])

    有参数时,执行shell命令;

    无参数时,转义到子shell;当子shell退出时,psql会恢复。

    mydb=> ! pwd
    /pgtbs
    mydb=> !
    [postgres@tank pgtbs]$ pwd
    /pgtbs
    [postgres@tank pgtbs]$ exit
    exit
    mydb=>

    10 查看数据库列表(l)

    符号后面为小写的“L”

    mydb=> l
                                      List of databases
       Name    |  Owner   | Encoding |   Collate   |    Ctype    |   Access privileges   
    -----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------
     mydb      | pguser   | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =Tc/pguser           +
               |          |          |             |             | pguser=C*T*c*/pguser
     postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | 
     template0 | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres          +
               |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
     template1 | postgres | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres          +
               |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
    (4 rows)

    11 查看表空间列表(db)

    mydb=> db
                List of tablespaces
        Name    |  Owner   |      Location      
    ------------+----------+--------------------
     pg_default | postgres | 
     pg_global  | postgres | 
     tbs_mydb   | pguser   | /pgtbs/10/tbs_mydb
    (3 rows)

    12 查看表定义(d table_name

    --创建测试表
    $ psql mydb pguser
    
    mydb=> create table t1(id int4,name text,create_time timestamp without time zone default clock_timestamp());
    
    CREATE TABLE
    
    mydb=> alter table t1 add primary key(id);
    
    ALTER TABLE
    mydb=> d t1
                                      Table "public.t1"
       Column    |            Type             | Collation | Nullable |      Default      
    -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------
     id          | integer                     |           | not null | 
     name        | text                        |           |          | 
     create_time | timestamp without time zone |           |          | clock_timestamp()
    Indexes:
        "t1_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
    
    mydb=>

    13 查看表占用空间大小(dt+table_name

    --为测试表插入50万条数据
    
    $ psql mydb pguser
    
    mydb=> insert into t1(id,name) select n,n || '_tank' from generate_series(1,500000) n;
    
    INSERT 0 500000
    
    mydb=> dt+t1
                      List of relations
     Schema | Name | Type  | Owner  | Size  | Description 
    --------+------+-------+--------+-------+-------------
     public | t1   | table | pguser | 25 MB | 
    (1 row)
    
    mydb=> 

    14 查看索引占用空间大小(di+table_name&index_name

    mydb=> di+t1
                            List of relations
     Schema |  Name   | Type  | Owner  | Table | Size  | Description 
    --------+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------------
     public | t1      | table | pguser |       | 25 MB | 
     public | t1_pkey | index | pguser | t1    | 11 MB | 
    (2 rows)
    
    mydb=> di+t1_key
                            List of relations
     Schema |  Name   | Type  | Owner  | Table | Size  | Description 
    --------+---------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------------
     public | t1      | table | pguser |       | 25 MB | 
     public | t1_pkey | index | pguser | t1    | 11 MB | 
    (2 rows)
    
    mydb=> 

    15 设置标题(C title_name)

    mydb=> C "Here is my list:"
    Title is ""Here is my list:"".
    mydb=> select id,name from t1 limit 10;
    "Here is my list:"
     id |  name   
    ----+---------
      1 | 1_tank
      2 | 2_tank
      3 | 3_tank
      4 | 4_tank
      5 | 5_tank
      6 | 6_tank
      7 | 7_tank
      8 | 8_tank
      9 | 9_tank
     10 | 10_tank
    (10 rows)
    
    mydb=>

    16 执行当前查询缓冲区(g)

    如果当前查询缓冲区为空,则最新发送的查询将被重新执行。

    mydb=> g
    "Here is my list:"
     id |  name   
    ----+---------
      1 | 1_tank
      2 | 2_tank
      3 | 3_tank
      4 | 4_tank
      5 | 5_tank
      6 | 6_tank
      7 | 7_tank
      8 | 8_tank
      9 | 9_tank
     10 | 10_tank
    (10 rows)
    
    mydb=> 

    17 将当前缓冲区打印到标准输出(p)

    mydb=> p
    select id,name from t1 limit 10;
    mydb=> print
    select id,name from t1 limit 10;
    mydb=>

    18 查看函数代码(sf function_name

    mydb=> sf random
    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pg_catalog.random()
     RETURNS double precision
     LANGUAGE internal
     PARALLEL RESTRICTED STRICT
    AS $function$drandom$function$
    mydb=> 

    19 设置查询结果输出格式(x [on|off|auto])

    mydb=> x
    Expanded display is on.
    mydb=> select * from t1 limit 1;
    "Here is my list:"
    -[ RECORD 1 ]---------------------------
    id          | 1
    name        | 1_tank
    create_time | 2019-07-20 11:03:56.385552
    
    mydb=> 

    20 获取元命令的对应代码(psql [-E])

    使用psql连接时加上“-E”的选项,在执行元命令后就可以获取对应的SQL代码。

    [postgres@tank ~]$ psql -E
    psql (10.9)
    Type "help" for help.
    
    postgres=# db
    ********* QUERY **********
    SELECT spcname AS "Name",
      pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(spcowner) AS "Owner",
      pg_catalog.pg_tablespace_location(oid) AS "Location"
    FROM pg_catalog.pg_tablespace
    ORDER BY 1;
    **************************
    
                List of tablespaces
        Name    |  Owner   |      Location      
    ------------+----------+--------------------
     pg_default | postgres | 
     pg_global  | postgres | 
     tbs_mydb   | pguser   | /pgtbs/10/tbs_mydb
    (3 rows)
    
    postgres=# 

    参考资料:

    《PostgresSQL 10.9》-VI. 参考-PostgreSQL 客户端应用-psql

    《PostgreSQL实战》-第2章 客户端工具-2.2 psql功能及应用

    https://blog.csdn.net/claroja/article/details/82786379(元命令清单)


    Tank

    2019.7.20

    https://blog.csdn.net/daiyejava

    https://www.cnblogs.com/okey

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/okey/p/11226916.html
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