• Flask


    Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。

    “微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。

    默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。

    pip3 install flask
    
    from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
    
    @Request.application
    def hello(request):
        return Response('Hello World!')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
        run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
    werkzeug

    一. 基本使用

    from flask import Flask
    app = Flask(__name__)
     
    @app.route('/')
    def hello_world():
        return 'Hello World!'
     
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    

    二、配置文件

    flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象(继承字典),默认配置为:
        {
            'DEBUG':                                get_debug_flag(default=False),  是否开启Debug模式
            'TESTING':                              False,                          是否开启测试模式
            'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,                          
            'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
            'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
            'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
            'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
            'LOGGER_NAME':                          None,
            'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY':               'always',
            'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
            'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
            'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
            'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
            'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
            'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            timedelta(hours=12),
            'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              False,
            'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
            'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING':             False,
            'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
            'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
            'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
            'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          True,
            'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE':                     'application/json',
            'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD':                None,
        }
     
    方式一:
        app.config['DEBUG'] = True
     
        PS: 由于Config对象本质上是字典,所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
     
    方式二:
        app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
            如:
                settings.py
                    DEBUG = True
     
                app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
     
        app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
            环境变量的值为python文件名称名称,内部调用from_pyfile方法
     
     
        app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
            JSON文件名称,必须是json格式,因为内部会执行json.loads
     
        app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
            字典格式
     
        app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
     
            app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
     
            settings.py
     
                class Config(object):
                    DEBUG = False
                    TESTING = False
                    DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
     
                class ProductionConfig(Config):
                    DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
     
                class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
                    DEBUG = True
     
                class TestingConfig(Config):
                    TESTING = True
     
            PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
         
     
        PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录,如果instance_relative_config为True,则就是instance_path目录
    

    三、路由系统

    • @app.route('/user/<username>')
    • @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
    • @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
    • @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
    • @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

    常用路由系统有以上五种,所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:

    DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
        'default':          UnicodeConverter,
        'string':           UnicodeConverter,
        'any':              AnyConverter,
        'path':             PathConverter,
        'int':              IntegerConverter,
        'float':            FloatConverter,
        'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
    }
    
    def auth(func):
                def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                    print('before')
                    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                    print('after')
                    return result
    
            return inner
    
            @app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
            @auth
            def index():
                return 'Index'def index():
                return "Index"
    
            self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
            or
            app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
            app.view_functions['index'] = index
    
    
            或
            def auth(func):
                def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                    print('before')
                    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                    print('after')
                    return result
    
            return inner
    
            class IndexView(views.View):
                methods = ['GET']
                decorators = [auth, ]
    
                def dispatch_request(self):
                    print('Index')
                    return 'Index!'
    
            app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
    class IndexView(views.MethodView):
                methods = ['GET']
                decorators = [auth, ]
    
                def get(self):
                    return 'Index.GET'
    
                def post(self):
                    return 'Index.POST'
    
    
            app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
    
    
    
    
            @app.route和app.add_url_rule参数:
                rule,                       URL规则
                view_func,                  视图函数名称
                defaults=None,              默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
                endpoint=None,              名称,用于反向生成URL,即: url_for('名称')
                methods=None,               允许的请求方式,如:["GET","POST"]
                
    
                strict_slashes=None,        对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求,
                                            如:
                                                @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False),
                                                    访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
                                                @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
                                                    仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index 
                redirect_to=None,           重定向到指定地址
                                            如:
                                                @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
                                                或
                                                def func(adapter, nid):
                                                    return "/home/888"
                                                @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
                subdomain=None,             子域名访问
                                                    from flask import Flask, views, url_for
    
                                                    app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
                                                    app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
    
    
                                                    @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
                                                    def static_index():
                                                        """Flask supports static subdomains
                                                        This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
                                                        return "static.your-domain.tld"
    
    
                                                    @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
                                                    def username_index(username):
                                                        """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
                                                        Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
                                                        return username + ".your-domain.tld"
    
    
                                                    if __name__ == '__main__':
                                                        app.run()
    a.注册路由原理
     from flask import Flask, views, url_for
                from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
    
                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
    
    
                class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
                    """
                    自定义URL匹配正则表达式
                    """
                    def __init__(self, map, regex):
                        super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
                        self.regex = regex
    
                    def to_python(self, value):
                        """
                        路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
                        :param value: 
                        :return: 
                        """
                        return int(value)
    
                    def to_url(self, value):
                        """
                        使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
                        :param value: 
                        :return: 
                        """
                        val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
                        return val
    
                # 添加到flask中
                app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    
    
                @app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>')
                def index(nid):
                    print(url_for('index', nid='888'))
                    return 'Index'
    
    
                if __name__ == '__main__':
                    app.run()
    b. 自定制正则路由匹配

    四、模板

    1、模板的使用

    Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别

    2、自定义模板方法

    Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似,创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template,如:

    复制代码
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head lang="en">
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>自定义函数</h1>
        {{ww()|safe}}
    
    </body>
    </html>
    复制代码
    html
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from flask import Flask,render_template
    app = Flask(__name__)
     
     
    def wupeiqi():
        return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'
     
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi)
     
    app.run()
    run.py

    五、请求和响应

    from flask import Flask
        from flask import request
        from flask import render_template
        from flask import redirect
        from flask import make_response
    
        app = Flask(__name__)
    
    
        @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
        def login():
    
            # 请求相关信息
            # request.method
            # request.args
            # request.form
            # request.values
            # request.cookies
            # request.headers
            # request.path
            # request.full_path
            # request.script_root
            # request.url
            # request.base_url
            # request.url_root
            # request.host_url
            # request.host
            # request.files
            # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
            # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
    
            # 响应相关信息
            # return "字符串"
            # return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
            # return redirect('/index.html')
    
            # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
            # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
            # response.delete_cookie('key')
            # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
            # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
            # return response
    
    
            return "内容"
    
        if __name__ == '__main__':
            app.run()
    View Code

    六、Session

    除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。

    • 设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'

    • 删除:session.pop('username', None)
    from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
     
    app = Flask(__name__)
     
    @app.route('/')
    def index():
        if 'username' in session:
            return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
        return 'You are not logged in'
     
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        if request.method == 'POST':
            session['username'] = request.form['username']
            return redirect(url_for('index'))
        return '''
            <form action="" method="post">
                <p><input type=text name=username>
                <p><input type=submit value=Login>
            </form>
        '''
     
    @app.route('/logout')
    def logout():
        # remove the username from the session if it's there
        session.pop('username', None)
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
     
    # set the secret key.  keep this really secret:
    app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
    基本使用
     pip3 install Flask-Session
            
            run.py
                from flask import Flask
                from flask import session
                from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
                app = Flask(__name__)
    
                app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
                app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
    
                @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
                def login():
                    print(session)
                    session['user1'] = 'alex'
                    session['user2'] = 'alex'
                    del session['user2']
    
                    return "内容"
    
                if __name__ == '__main__':
                    app.run()
    
            session.py
                #!/usr/bin/env python
                # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
                import uuid
                import json
                from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
                from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
                from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes
    
    
                class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
                    def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
                        self.sid = sid
                        self.initial = initial
                        super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())
    
    
                    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                        super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)
    
                    def __getitem__(self, item):
                        return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)
    
                    def __delitem__(self, key):
                        super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)
    
    
    
                class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
                    session_class = MySession
                    container = {}
    
                    def __init__(self):
                        import redis
                        self.redis = redis.Redis()
    
                    def _generate_sid(self):
                        return str(uuid.uuid4())
    
                    def _get_signer(self, app):
                        if not app.secret_key:
                            return None
                        return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
                                      key_derivation='hmac')
    
                    def open_session(self, app, request):
                        """
                        程序刚启动时执行,需要返回一个session对象
                        """
                        sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
                        if not sid:
                            sid = self._generate_sid()
                            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
                        signer = self._get_signer(app)
                        try:
                            sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
                            sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
                        except BadSignature:
                            sid = self._generate_sid()
                            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
                        # session保存在redis中
                        # val = self.redis.get(sid)
                        # session保存在内存中
                        val = self.container.get(sid)
    
                        if val is not None:
                            try:
                                data = json.loads(val)
                                return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
                            except:
                                return self.session_class(sid=sid)
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
                    def save_session(self, app, session, response):
                        """
                        程序结束前执行,可以保存session中所有的值
                        如:
                            保存到resit
                            写入到用户cookie
                        """
                        domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
                        path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
                        httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
                        secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
                        expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
    
                        val = json.dumps(dict(session))
    
                        # session保存在redis中
                        # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
                        # session保存在内存中
                        self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)
    
                        session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))
    
                        response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
                                            expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
                                            domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
    自定义Session

    七、蓝图

    蓝图用于为应用提供目录划分:

    小型应用程序:示例

    大型应用程序:示例

    其他:

      • 蓝图URL前缀:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,url_prefix='/xxx')
      • 蓝图子域名:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,subdomain='admin')
        # 前提需要给配置SERVER_NAME: app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
        # 访问时:admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html

    八、message

    message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合,其特点是:使用一次就删除。

      from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request, get_flashed_messages
    
            app = Flask(__name__)
            app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
    
    
            @app.route('/')
            def index1():
                messages = get_flashed_messages()
                print(messages)
                return "Index1"
    
    
            @app.route('/set')
            def index2():
                v = request.args.get('p')
                flash(v)
                return 'ok'
    
    
            if __name__ == "__main__":
                app.run()
    View Code

    九、中间件

    from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
     
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
     
    @app.route('/')
    def index1():
        return render_template('index.html')
     
    @app.route('/set')
    def index2():
        v = request.args.get('p')
        flash(v)
        return 'ok'
     
    class MiddleWare:
        def __init__(self,wsgi_app):
            self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app
     
        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     
            return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)
     
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)
        app.run(port=9999)
    View Code

    十、Flask插件

    • WTForms    
    • SQLAchemy
    • 等...    http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/
  • 相关阅读:
    ORACLE 变量定义
    AcWing1082 数字游戏(数位dp)
    AcWing1081 度的数量(数位dp)
    UCF Local Programming Contest 2017 I题 Rotating Cards(贪心+树状数组)
    AcWing1048 鸡蛋的硬度(浅谈两种解法的思考方向)
    CF713C Sonya and Problem Wihtout a Legend (经典dp)
    CF269B Greenhouse Effect (dp LIS)
    CF463D Gargari and Permutations (LCS)
    AcWing987 最长公共子序列
    CF721C Journey (dp+拓扑)
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/niejinmei/p/7560648.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知