python之使用 wkhtmltopdf 和 pdfkit 批量加载html生成pdf，适用于博客备份和官网文档打包

1.参考

Python 爬虫：把廖雪峰教程转换成 PDF 电子书

https://github.com/lzjun567/crawler_html2pdf

wkhtmltopdf 就是一个非常好的工具，它可以用适用于多平台的 html 到 pdf 的转换，pdfkit 是 wkhtmltopdf 的Python封装包。

https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/#

也可以通过 BeautifulSoup 插入删除tag

soup.insert
soup.decompose

2.安装 wkhtmltopdf

### windows 安装：

https://wkhtmltopdf.org/downloads.html

下载版本 Windows (MinGW) 0.12.4 32-bit / 64-bit for Windows XP/2003 or later; standalone

添加路径 D:Program Fileswkhtmltopdfin

需要重新打开cmd以及notepad++。。。

###centos 7 安装：

https://gist.github.com/AndreasFurster/ebe3f163d6d47be43b72b35b18d8b5b6

https://gist.github.com/calebbrewer/aca424fb14618df8aadd rpm 安装，依赖包

https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/86256 为了能从任意路径执行程序，将 wkhtmltopdf 安装到 /usr/bin 目录下。

确认最新下载地址 https://wkhtmltopdf.org/downloads.html Linux 0.12.4 32-bit / 64-bit depends on: zlib, fontconfig, freetype, X11 libs (libX11, libXext, libXrender)

wget https://github.com/wkhtmltopdf/wkhtmltopdf/releases/download/0.12.4/wkhtmltox-0.12.4_linux-generic-amd64.tar.xz
unxz wkhtmltox-0.12.4_linux-generic-amd64.tar.xz
tar -xvf wkhtmltox-0.12.4_linux-generic-amd64.tar
mv wkhtmltox/bin/* /usr/local/bin/
rm -rf wkhtmltox
rm -f wkhtmltox-0.12.4_linux-generic-amd64.tar

上述方法安装后 wkhtmltopdf 提示未找到命令

检查

[root@iz2zeb4wal7uttzolpwmbez bin]# which wkhtmltopdf
/usr/bin/which: no wkhtmltopdf in (/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin)
[root@iz2zeb4wal7uttzolpwmbez bin]# which mysqld
/sbin/mysqld

解决办法

mv /usr/local/bin/wkhtmltopdf /usr/bin/wkhtmltopdf

mv /usr/local/bin/wkhtmltoimage /usr/bin/wkhtmltoimage

确认

[root@iz2zeb4wal7uttzolpwmbez /]# which wkhtmltopdf
/bin/wkhtmltopdf
[root@iz2zeb4wal7uttzolpwmbez /]# which wkhtmltoimage
/bin/wkhtmltoimage

验证 wkhtmltopdf http://httpbin.org temp.pdf

###centos 7 需要安装字体输出中文：

http://www.liumapp.com/articles/2017/04/10/1491811668985.html CentOS安装wkhtmltopdf并解决中文字体的问题

其中字体到这里找 C:WindowsFonts simsun.ttc msyh.ttf

###安装 python 库

pip install pdfkit

API https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pdfkit

定制options，搜索关键字 https://wkhtmltopdf.org/usage/wkhtmltopdf.txt

options = {
    'page-size': 'Letter',
    'margin-top': '0.75in',
    'margin-right': '0.75in',
    'margin-bottom': '0.75in',
    'margin-left': '0.75in',
    'encoding': "UTF-8",  #支持中文
    'custom-header' : [
        ('Accept-Encoding', 'gzip')
    ]
    'cookie': [
        ('cookie-name1', 'cookie-value1'),
        ('cookie-name2', 'cookie-value2'),
    ],
    'no-outline': None
}

pdfkit.from_url('http://google.com', 'out.pdf', options=options)

3.背景知识

3.1url 相对路径绝对路径

In [323]: urlparse.urljoin('https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/index.html', 'intro/overview.html')  #相当于 ./intro/overview.html，其中 . 指代当前文件夹 latest
Out[323]: 'https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html'

In [324]: urlparse.urljoin('https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html', '#walk-through-of-an-example-spider')  #当前网页某个tag id=walk-through-of-an-example-spider
Out[324]: 'https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html#walk-through-of-an-example-spider'

In [326]: urlparse.urljoin('https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html', 'install.html')  #相当于 ./install.html
Out[326]: 'https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/install.html'

In [327]: urlparse.urljoin('https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html', '../topics/commands.html')  # .. 指代当前文件夹intro的上一层文件夹latest
Out[327]: 'https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/commands.html'

https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/index.html

这一类官方文档一般页脚都为：

Built with Sphinx using a theme provided by Read the Docs.

3.2页面布局规律

点击左上角 home 图标转到首页
左边栏页面导航
- <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
  - <a class="reference internal" href="intro/overview.html">Scrapy at a glance</a></li>
正文主体
- <div class="rst-content">

3.3转换pdf时注意事项

提取正文主体后，可以直接将 <div xxxx </div> 保存html，不需要补全 <html>
图片链接相对路径需要转换为绝对路径，才会自动加载图片
- <img alt="Inspecting elements with Firebug" src="../_images/firebug1.png" style=" 913px; height: 600px;">
pdfkit.from_file 第一个参数 input 为 html文件路径列表，文件名不能是中文。。。
- pdfkit.from_file(self.htmls_saved, self.netloc+'.pdf', options=options)
pdf会根据<h1> <h2>等标题 tag 自动生成目录

4.完整代码

#!usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

import os
import sys
import time
import traceback
import re
import urlparse
import threading
import Queue

import requests
from scrapy import Selector
import pdfkit

s = requests.Session()
# s.headers.update({'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 9_3_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/601.1.46 (KHTML, like Gecko) Mobile/13G36 MicroMessenger/6.5.12 NetType/4G'})
s.headers.update({'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'})
# s.headers.update({'Referer':'https://servicewechat.com/wx55b926152a8c3bef/14/page-frame.html'})
s.verify = False
s.mount('http://', requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1000, pool_maxsize=1000))
s.mount('https://', requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1000, pool_maxsize=1000)) 
import copy
sp = copy.deepcopy(s)
proxies = {'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:1080', 'https': 'https://127.0.0.1:1080'}
sp.proxies = proxies 

from urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
from warnings import filterwarnings
filterwarnings('ignore', category = InsecureRequestWarning)


html_template = u"""
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
    <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    </head>
    <body>
        <!-- <center><h1>{title}</h1></center> -->
        {content}
    </body>
</html>
"""

# https://wkhtmltopdf.org/usage/wkhtmltopdf.txt

options = {
    'page-size': 'A4',  # Letter
    'minimum-font-size': 25,  ###
    # 'image-dpi':1500, ###
    
    'margin-top': '0.1in',  #0.75in
    'margin-right': '0.1in',
    'margin-bottom': '0.1in',
    'margin-left': '0.1in',
    'encoding': 'UTF-8',  #支持中文
    'custom-header': [
        ('Accept-Encoding', 'gzip')
    ],
    'cookie': [
        ('cookie-name1', 'cookie-value1'),
        ('cookie-name2', 'cookie-value2'),
    ],
    'outline-depth': 10,
}

# 验证 re.findall(pattern, s)
# <img alt="_images/chapt3_img05_IDE_open.png" class="align-center" src="_images/chapt3_img05_IDE_open.png">

# http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0105computers.php
# 只能通过网页源代码 或 resp.text 确认tag img内部是否存在换行 
, F12看不出来
# 通过findall 修改 (".*?>) 为 (") 或(".*?alt)或(".*?style)确认问题，所以要加 re.S
# <div style="text-align:center;"><img src="/linux_basic/0105computers/chipset_z87.jpg" alt="Intel晶片架構" title="Intel晶片架構" style="border: 1px solid black;" /><br />
# 圖 0.2.1、Intel晶片架構</div>
# <div style="text-align:center; margin: 0 auto 0 auto; "><img src="/linux_basic/0105computers/computer01.gif" alt="計算器的功能" title="計算器的功能" 
    # style="border: 0px solid black; padding: 0px " /></div>

pattern_img_scr = re.compile(r'(<imgs+[^>]*?srcs*=s*")(?P<src>.*?)(".*?>)', re.S)  #最后不能简写成 " ，否则结果缺 "


# <a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/selenium/issues/detail?id=1008">issue 1008</a>
# text为空，也能匹配到 m.group(4)=''
pattern_a_href = re.compile(r'(<as+[^>]*?hrefs*=s*")(?P<href>.*?)(".*?>)(?P<text>.*?)(</a>)', re.S)

# http://www.seleniumhq.org/docs/ 合体。。。text为 <img alt="openqa.org logo" id="footerLogo" src="/images/openqa-logo.png"/>
# <a href="http://openqa.org/"><img alt="openqa.org logo" id="footerLogo" src="/images/openqa-logo.png"/></a>

# http://linux.vbird.org/linux_desktop/0110linuxbasic.php
# 07年的网页，tag head 不符合规范
# 错误：<span class="text_head0">第一章、架設伺服器前的準備工作</span> #要变h1
# 错误：<span class="text_h1">1.1 前言： Linux 有啥功能</span>    #要变h2
# 更正：<h1>第七章、Linux 磁碟與檔案系統管理</h1>
# 复杂嵌套:<span class="text_head0"><span class="text_head_en">Linux </span>基礎</span>
# 这里只处理最普通情况
pattern_span_head = re.compile(r'<spans+classs*=s*"text_h(?:ead)?(d)">([^<]*?)</span>') #(?:xxx)数量词 不分组版本


class HTMLtoPDF(object):

    def __init__(self, seed_url, proxy=False, pdf='', page=1, font_size=25, css_links='div[class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical"] a::attr(href)',
                css_content='div.rst-content', threads_count=30):
        self.seed_url = seed_url
        self.session = sp if proxy else s
        
        options['minimum-font-size'] = font_size
        
        self.pdf = pdf
        self.netloc = urlparse.urlparse(seed_url).netloc 
        print self.netloc
        self.folder = os.path.join(sys.path[0], '{}({})'.format(self.netloc, self.pdf))
        self.folder_temp = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'temp')
        for f in [self.folder, self.folder_temp]:
            if not os.path.isdir(f):
                os.mkdir(f)
        
        self.css_content = css_content
        self.css_links = css_links
        
        self.threads_count = threads_count
        # self.lock = threading.Lock()
        self.links_queue = Queue.Queue()     
        self.links_seen = []
        
        for p in range(1, page+1):
            url = re.sub(r'page=d+', 'page=%s'%p, self.seed_url)  #本来无page，原样返回
            self.links_queue.put((str(len(self.links_seen)), url))
            self.links_seen.append(url)
            self.get_links(url)
        self.links_queue_size = self.links_queue.qsize()
        self.htmls_saved = [] 
        
        
    def get_links(self, url):
        encoding, text = self.load_page(url)
        sel = Selector(text=text)
        
        # [u'#selenium-documentation',
        # u'00_Note_to-the-reader.jsp',
        # u'01_introducing_selenium.jsp',
        # u'01_introducing_selenium.jsp#test-automation-for-web-applications',    
      
        links = [re.sub(r'#.*$', '', i) for i in sel.css(self.css_links).extract()]
        print links
        for link in links:  #set(links) 会导致乱序,使用urls_seen 去重
            link_abs = urlparse.urljoin(url, link)
            if link_abs not in self.links_seen:
                self.links_queue.put((str(len(self.links_seen)), link_abs))
                self.links_seen.append(link_abs)


    def run(self):
        threads = []
        for i in range(self.threads_count):
            t = threading.Thread(target=self.save_html)
            threads.append(t)

        for t in threads:
            t.setDaemon(True) 
            t.start() 
            
        self.links_queue.join()
        print 'load done'
        
        def func(filename):
            _, filename =os.path.split(filename)
            return int(filename[:filename.index('_')])
        
        self.htmls_saved.sort(key=lambda x:func(x))
        output = u'{}({}) {}.pdf'.format(self.netloc, self.pdf, time.strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S'))
        pdfkit.from_file(self.htmls_saved, output, options=options)
        print output

        
    def save_html(self):
        while True:
            try:
                (num, url) = self.links_queue.get()
                meta_encoding, text = self.load_page(url)
                # http://linux.vbird.org/linux_desktop/index.php
                # meta charset 是 big5
                # pdfkit 已经设置 utf-8，所以temp文件需要编码为 utf-8
                # 用于浏览的保存页面，如果编码为 utf-8，不符合meta charset 冲突，
                # 需要通过firefox手动指定编码
                
                encoding_to = meta_encoding if meta_encoding else 'utf-8'
                
                text = self.modify_text(url, text)   ######################## 含有原始 <html meta charset
                # text = self.modify_content2(url, text)
                # text1 = text
                
                title, content = self.parse_page(url, text)
                
                filename_cn = u'{}_{}.html'.format(num, re.sub(ur'[^u4e00-u9fa5ws()_-]', '', title))  #ur    
                filename = u'{}_{}_{}.html'.format(num, re.sub(r'[^ws()_-]', '', title),    int(time.time()))  #os.path.abspath('en/abc.html')合成路径 不能是 /en。。
                
                with open(os.path.join(self.folder, filename_cn),'wb') as fp:
                    fp.write(text.encode(encoding_to,'replace'))
                f = os.path.join(self.folder_temp, filename)
                with open(f,'wb') as fp:
                    fp.write(content.encode('utf-8','replace')) 
                    # fp.write(html_template.format(content=content, title=title).encode('utf-8','replace'))  #没必要补充 <html>
                    self.htmls_saved.append(f)
                    print '{}/{} {}'.format(len(self.htmls_saved), self.links_queue_size, url)
                    
                self.links_queue.task_done()
            except Exception as err:
                print '####################{} {} {}'.format(url, err, traceback.format_exc())
                

    def load_page(self, url):
        resp = self.session.get(url)
        # http://linux.vbird.org/linux_desktop/index.php
        # meta charset 是 big5
        meta_encoding = None
        if resp.encoding == 'ISO-8859-1':
            encodings = requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(resp.content)  #re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset
            if encodings:
                resp.encoding = encodings[0]
                meta_encoding = resp.encoding
            else:
                resp.encoding = resp.apparent_encoding  #models.py  chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding']
            print 'ISO-8859-1 changed to %s'%resp.encoding
            
        return (meta_encoding, resp.text)
        
        
    def modify_text(self, url, text):
        # m.group(1)='abc' SyntaxError: can't assign to function call 不能直接赋值
        
        # https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/firebug.html
        # ../_images/firebug1.png
        # 异常 urlparse.urljoin(self.seed_url, src)
        
        # r'(<imgs+[^>]*?srcs*=s*")(?P<src>.*?)(".*?>)'
        def func_src(m):
            src = m.group('src')  #别名
            if not src.startswith('http'):
                src = urlparse.urljoin(url, src)
            # print u'{}{}{}'.format(m.group(1), src, m.group(3))
            return u'{}{}{}'.format(m.group(1), src, m.group(3))
        text = re.sub(pattern_img_scr, func_src, text)

        def func_head(m):
            # re.compile(r'<span class="text_h.*?(d)">(.*?)</span>', re.S)
            # 错误：<span class="text_head0">第一章、架設伺服器前的準備工作</span>
            # 更正：<h1>第七章、Linux 磁碟與檔案系統管理</h1>
            return u'<h{num}>{word}</h{num}>'.format(num=int(m.group(1))+1, word=m.group(2))
        text = re.sub(pattern_span_head, func_head, text)
        
        # re.compile(r'(<as+[^>]*?hrefs*=s*")(?P<href>.*?)(".*?>)(?P<text>.*?)(</a>)')
        def func_href(m):
            href = m.group('href')
            text = m.group('text')
            if not href.startswith('#'):
                if not href.startswith('http'):
                    href = urlparse.urljoin(url, href)
                # text = u'{text} ({href})'.format(text=text, href=href)
            return u'{g1}{href}{g3}{text}{g5}'.format(g1=m.group(1), g3=m.group(3), g5=m.group(5), href=href, text=text)
            
            #m.string是content全文。。。也不能 return m
        text = re.sub(pattern_a_href, func_href, text)  
        
        return text
        

    def parse_page(self, url, text):
        sel = Selector(text=text)
        title = sel.css('head title::text').extract_first() or ''  #固定css, 匹配不到 extract()返回[],extract_first()返回None
        content = sel.css(self.css_content).extract_first() or ''  #'div.rst-content'
        
        content = self.clean_content(content)
        
        return title, content
        

    def clean_content(self, content):
        # <a class="headerlink" href="#check" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a>  headline 自带图形
        content = content.replace(u'>xb6<', u'><')
            
            
        # selenium LanguagePreference
        sel = Selector(text=content)
        # content = content.replace(sel.css('div#codeLanguagePreference').extract_first(), '') #可能是None
        for div in sel.css('div#codeLanguagePreference').extract():
            content = content.replace(div, '')
        
        for lang in ['java', 'csharp', 'ruby', 'php', 'perl', 'javascript']:
            for div in sel.css('div.highlight-%s'%lang).extract():
                # print len(content)
                content = content.replace(div, '')
                
        # liaoxuefeng comment
        content = content.replace('<h3>Comments</h3>', '') 
        content = content.replace('<h3>Make a comment</h3>', '')
        
        # http://lxml.de/
        for div in sel.css('div.sidemenu').extract():
            content = content.replace(div, '')        
        
        return content
        
    # 未使用，下面解释了，extract() 执行 Serialize 导致 tag 内部 
 丢失，replace(tag, tag_new) 失效
    def modify_content2(self, url, content):
        sel = Selector(text=content)

        # 修改图片链接为绝对链接，否则pdf无法图片        
        # <img alt="_images/chapt3_img05_IDE_open.png" class="align-center" src="_images/chapt3_img05_IDE_open.png">
        
        # http://linux.vbird.org/linux_desktop/0110linuxbasic.php
        # <img src="0110linuxbasic/computer_fllow.png" border=1
        # title="電腦組成示意圖" alt="電腦組成示意圖">        
        
        for i in sel.css('img[src]'):
            tag = i.extract()
            src = i.xpath('./@src').extract_first()
            if not src.startswith('http'):
                src_abs = urlparse.urljoin(url, src)
                # print src, src_abs
                tag_new = tag.replace(src, src_abs)
                
                # In [392]: sel.extract?
                # Signature: sel.extract()
                # Docstring:
                # Serialize and return the matched nodes in a single unicode string.
                # Percent encoded content is unquoted.
                # File:      c:program filesanaconda2libsite-packagesparselselector.py
                # Type:      instancemethod                
                # Serialize。。。。。。。。。。
                # print tag  #换行被自动省略，后面的replace 失效。。。
                # print tag_new
                # <img src="0110linuxbasic/computer_fllow.png" border="1" title="電腦組成示意圖" alt="電腦組成示意圖">
                # <img src="http://linux.vbird.org/linux_desktop/0110linuxbasic/computer_fllow.png" border="1" title="電腦組成示意圖" alt="電腦組成示意圖">                
                
                content = content.replace(tag, tag_new)  #可能alt(同src...)
                
        # a href 的text添加href信息
        # <a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/selenium/issues/detail?id=1008">issue 1008</a>
        for i in sel.css('a[href]'):
            tag = i.extract()
            href = i.xpath('./@href').extract_first()
            text = i.xpath('./text()').extract_first()
            
            # 补全内部链接，忽略本页面的#定位
            if not href.startswith('http') and not href.startswith('#'):
                href_abs = urlparse.urljoin(url, href)
                # print href, href_abs
                tag_new = tag.replace(href, href_abs)
            else:
                href_abs = href
                tag_new = tag
                
            # 图标链接，如果text为None，replace表现异常
            if text and not href.startswith('#'):
                text_new = u'{} ({})'.format(text, href_abs)
                # print text.encode('gbk','replace'), text_new.encode('gbk','replace')
                tag_new = tag_new.replace(text, text_new)          
            
            # 保证整体替换   
            content = content.replace(tag, tag_new)  
        
        return content



if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    url = 'http://www.cnblogs.com/my8100/default.html?page=1'
    obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, page=7, pdf='my8100', css_links='div#mainContent div.postTitle a::attr(href)', css_content='div.post')  
    
    obj.run()

5.更多应用

if __name__ == '__main__':

    url = 'https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/index.html'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, proxy=True)  
    
    url = 'http://python3-cookbook.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/index.html'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, font_size=20, css_links='div[class="toctree-wrapper compound"] a::attr(href)') 
    
    url = 'http://www.seleniumhq.org/docs/'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, proxy=True, css_links='div#selenium-documentation a::attr(href)', css_content='div#mainContent')  
    
    url = 'https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='BeautifulSoup', css_links='div.sphinxsidebarwrapper a::attr(href)', css_content='div.body')

    url = 'https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/001374738125095c955c1e6d8bb493182103fac9270762a000'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, proxy=True, pdf='python2', css_links='ul#x-wiki-index a::attr(href)', css_content='div.x-content', threads_count=10)  

    url = 'https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, proxy=True, pdf='python3', css_links='ul#x-wiki-index a::attr(href)', css_content='div.x-content', threads_count=10)  
    
    url = 'https://docs.python.org/2/howto/index.html'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='python2howto', css_links='div[class="toctree-wrapper compound"] a::attr(href)', css_content='div.body')  
    
    url = 'http://lxml.de/'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='lxml', css_links='div.menu a::attr(href)', css_content='div.document')     

    url = 'http://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='requests', css_links='div[class="toctree-wrapper compound"] a::attr(href)', css_content='div.body')      
    
    url = 'http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/index.html'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='twisted_core_guide', css_links='div[class="body"] a::attr(href)', css_content='div.body')   

    url = 'http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='linux_basic', css_links='div[class="mainarea"] a::attr(href)', css_content='div.mainarea')   
    
    url = 'http://linux.vbird.org/linux_server/'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='linux_server', css_links='td[width="718"] a::attr(href)', css_content='td[width="718"]')       
    
    url = 'http://linux.vbird.org/linux_desktop/'
    # obj = HTMLtoPDF(url, pdf='linux_desktop', css_links='td[width="718"] a::attr(href)', css_content='td[width="718"]')

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/my8100/p/html_to_pdf.html