• 七、常用基础配置


    一、常用基础配置

    1、主机名称修改

    显示主机名称:hostname
    临时:hostname mrciong
    永久:vi /etc/hostname 修改完重启后才能生效
    hostnamectl set-hostname mrxiong-01 不需重启永久生效

    2、查看系统版本

    [root@mrxiong ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
    CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)

    3、解析映射文件

    /etc/hosts 在本地建立IP地址和名称的对应关系

    [root@mrxiong ~]# vi /etc/hosts
    127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
    ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
    192.168.100.129 mrxiong-work
    [root@mrxiong ~]# ping 192.168.200.129
    PING 192.168.200.129 (192.168.200.129) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 192.168.200.129: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=0.228 ms
    64 bytes from 192.168.200.129: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=0.493 ms
    ^X64 bytes from 192.168.200.129: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=0.997 ms
    64 bytes from 192.168.200.129: icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=0.932 ms
    
    [root@mrxiong ~]# ping mrxiong-work
    PING mrxiong-work (192.168.200.129) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from mrxiong-work (192.168.200.129): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=0.325 ms
    64 bytes from mrxiong-work (192.168.200.129): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=1.02 ms
    64 bytes from mrxiong-work (192.168.200.129): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=0.991 ms
    64 bytes from mrxiong-work (192.168.200.129): icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=0.297 ms
    64 bytes from mrxiong-work (192.168.200.129): icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=0.351 ms

    4、磁盘挂载文件

    /etc/fstab ---实现存储设备开启自动挂载配置文件

    [root@mrxiong ~]# cat /etc/fstab
    
    #
    # /etc/fstab
    # Created by anaconda on Wed Sep 16 03:06:26 2020
    #
    # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
    # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
    #
    UUID=e3b7d78c-f1fd-4006-b742-a83947c165d3 / xfs defaults 0 0
    UUID=617f7de8-9482-458a-bcf7-e3faffa46b55 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
    UUID=7f6d0ed2-1560-4ebe-9b0f-69d9f0956e44 swap swap defaults 0 0

    5、开机自动加载文件

    /etc/rc.local 开机自动加载文件中的命令 

    [root@mrxiong ~]# cat /etc/rc.local
    #!/bin/bash
    # THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES
    #
    # It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules
    # to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.
    #
    # In contrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot
    # this script will NOT be run after all other services.
    #
    # Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure
    # that this script will be executed during boot.
    
    touch /var/lock/subsys/local

    centos7 /etc/rc.local指向的是rc.d/rc.local 其权限是-rw-r--r-- 没有可执行权限,所有无法开启执行这个文件

    [root@mrxiong rc.d]# ls -l rc.local
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 473 Oct 31 2018 rc.local

    我们需要给他授权一个可执行权限,命令如下:

    [root@mrxiong rc.d]# ls -l /etc/rc.d/rc.local
    -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 473 Oct 31 2018 /etc/rc.d/rc.local

    6、系统运行级别

    runlevel 查看当前系统运行级别

    centos7 启动级别 target
    00 系统的关机级别 init 0进入到关机状态
    01 系统的单用户模式 用于修复系统或重置密码信息
    02 系统多用户级别
    03 系统的多用户模式 正常系统运行级别多用户模式级别
    04 预留级别
    05 图形化界面级别
    06 系统的重启级别

    查看centos7下的各运行级别对应的garget

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# ls -l /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel*target
    lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Sep 16 03:06 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target
    lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Sep 16 03:06 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target
    lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Sep 16 03:06 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target
    lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Sep 16 03:06 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target
    lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Sep 16 03:06 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target
    lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 Sep 16 03:06 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target
    lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Sep 16 03:06 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target

    获取当前运行级别

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# systemctl get-default
    multi-user.target

    修改运行级别

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# systemctl set-default rescue.target

    临时调整级别
    init 2 2是运行级别号

    7、系统环境变量

    /etc/profile 让变量信息永久生效
    source /etc/profile 重新加载文件令其生效
    echo $PATH 查看环境变量
    修改环境变量 $PATH
    临时:[root@mrxiong-01 ~]# PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
    永久:vi /etc/profile 在最后一行加入export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
    source /etc/profile 重新加载文件令其生效
    which cat 查看cat命令所在目录

    8、别名

    alias 配置系统别名 如:ll ll是ls -l的别名

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# alias
    alias cp='cp -i'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
    alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    alias mv='mv -i'
    alias rm='rm -i'
    alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'


    设置命令的语法:
    alias 别名名称=‘命令信息’
    取消别名的方法:
    unalias + 别名名称
    临时取消别名:
    1、/usr/bin/rm -rf /etc/centos.txt 使绝对路径忽略别名
    2、 m -rf /etc/centos.txt 使用忽略别名
    永久设置别名的方法:
    1、vi /etc/profile
    把别名添加到最后一行如:alias catnet='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33'
    2、source /etc/profile 重新加载文件令其生效

    修改别名
    实验1:
    如把cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 ===> 设置别名为catnet
    修改如下:

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# alias catnet='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33'

    查看修改后的内容

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# alias
    alias catnet='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33'
    alias cp='cp -i'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
    alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    alias mv='mv -i'
    alias rm='rm -i'
    alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'


    实验2:
    rm 命令执行 ==> echo "rm command is weixian,not use rm"
    修改如下:

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# alias rm='echo rm command is weixian,not use rm'

    默认家目录中的别名

    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# cd ~
    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# ls -a
    . anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc .lesshst .viminfo
    .. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc .tcshrc
    [root@mrxiong-01 ~]# cat .bashrc
    # .bashrc
    
    # User specific aliases and functions
    
    alias rm='rm -i'
    alias cp='cp -i'
    alias mv='mv -i'
    
    # Source global definitions
    if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
    . /etc/bashrc
    fi

    总结:
    01、/etc/profile == /etc/bashrc (全局生效)
    02、~/.bashrc == ~/.bash_profile (指定用户生效)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/mr-xiong/p/13704546.html
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