类型表
int的存储宽度是4个Bytes,即32个bit,即2**32 无符号最大值为:4294967296-1 有符号最大值:2147483648-1 有符号和无符号的最大数字需要的显示宽度均为10,而针对有符号的最小值则需要11位才能显示完全,
所以int类型默认的显示宽度为11是非常合理的 最后:整形类型,其实没有必要指定显示宽度,使用默认的就ok
整型:默认有符号(-)
insert into t8 values(-1); 可用看到 -1;
insert into t8 values(128) :超出范围 为127
inset into t8 values(-129); 超出范围为128
设置为无符号,超出范围时和上面类似
create table t9(n tinyint unsigned);
insert into t9 values(-1),(256)
整型的宽度代表?
注意:为该类型指定宽度时,仅仅只是指定查询结果的显示宽度,与存储范围无关,存储范围如下
其实我们完全没必要为整数类型指定显示宽度,使用默认的就可以了
create table t10(n int(1) unsigned); //里面的 1 表示显示宽度,一般都不用设置 即是 int
例如:
create table t11(n int(5) unsigned zerofill); //不够0补充 insert into t11 values(1); select * from t11; //0001 insert into t11 values(111111111111); select * from t11; // 4294967295
浮点型
定点数类型 DEC等同于DECIMAL
浮点类型:FLOAT DOUBLE
作用:存储薪资、身高、体重、体质参数等
====================================== #FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] 定义: 单精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30 有符号: -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38, 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38 无符号: 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38 精确度: **** 随着小数的增多,精度变得不准确 **** ====================================== #DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] 定义: 双精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30 有符号: -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308 无符号: 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308 精确度: ****随着小数的增多,精度比float要高,但也会变得不准确 **** ====================================== decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill] 定义: 准确的小数值,m是数字总个数(负号不算),d是小数点后个数。 m最大值为65,d最大值为30。 精确度: **** 随着小数的增多,精度始终准确 **** 对于精确数值计算时需要用此类型 decaimal能够存储精确值的原因在于其内部按照字符串存储。
mysql> create table t1(x float(256,31)); ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column 'x'. Maximum is 30. mysql> create table t1(x float(256,30)); ERROR 1439 (42000): Display width out of range for column 'x' (max = 255) mysql> create table t1(x float(255,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> create table t2(x double(255,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,31)); ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column 'x'. Maximum is 30. mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,30)); ERROR 1426 (42000): Too-big precision 66 specified for 'x'. Maximum is 65. mysql> create table t3(x decimal(65,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> show tables; +---------------+ | Tables_in_db1 | +---------------+ | t1 | | t2 | | t3 | +---------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t1 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); #小数点后31个1 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from t1; #随着小数的增多,精度开始不准确 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111164093017600000000000000 | +----------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t2; #精度比float要准确点,但随着小数的增多,同样变得不准确 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111111111111200000000000000 | +----------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t3; #精度始终准确,d为30,于是只留了30位小数 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111111111111111111111111111 | +----------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
日期类型
YEAR YYYY(1901/2155) DATE YYYY-MM-DD(1000-01-01/9999-12-31) TIME HH:MM:SS('-838:59:59'/'838:59:59') DATETIME YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS(1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59 Y) TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDD HHMMSS(1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某时)
============year=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #无论year指定何种宽度,最后都默认是year(4) MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values -> (1900), -> (1901), -> (2155), -> (2156); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10; +-----------+ | born_year | +-----------+ | 0000 | | 1901 | | 2155 | | 0000 | +-----------+ ============date,time,datetime=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime); MariaDB [db1]> desc t11; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | d | date | YES | | NULL | | | t | time | YES | | NULL | | | dt | datetime | YES | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now()); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11; +------------+----------+---------------------+ | d | t | dt | +------------+----------+---------------------+ | 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 | +------------+----------+---------------------+ ============timestamp=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12; +---------------------+ | time | +---------------------+ | 2017-07-25 16:29:17 | | 2017-07-25 16:30:01 | +---------------------+ ============注意啦,注意啦,注意啦=========== 1. 单独插入时间时,需要以字符串的形式,按照对应的格式插入 2. 插入年份时,尽量使用4位值 3. 插入两位年份时,<=69,以20开头,比如50, 结果2050 >=70,以19开头,比如71,结果1971 MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values -> (50), -> (71); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12; +------+ | y | +------+ | 2050 | | 1971 | +------+ ============综合练习=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table student( -> id int, -> name varchar(20), -> born_year year, -> birth date, -> class_time time, -> reg_time datetime); MariaDB [db1]> insert into student values -> (1,'alex',"1995","1995-11-11","11:11:11","2017-11-11 11:11:11"), -> (2,'egon',"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12"), -> (3,'wsb',"1998","1998-01-01","13:13:13","2017-01-01 13:13:13"); MariaDB [db1]> select * from student; +------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+ | id | name | born_year | birth | class_time | reg_time | +------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+ | 1 | alex | 1995 | 1995-11-11 | 11:11:11 | 2017-11-11 11:11:11 | | 2 | egon | 1997 | 1997-12-12 | 12:12:12 | 2017-12-12 12:12:12 | | 3 | wsb | 1998 | 1998-01-01 | 13:13:13 | 2017-01-01 13:13:13 | +------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
mysql> create table t1(x datetime not null default now()); # 需要指定传入空值时默认取当前时间 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> create table t2(x timestamp); # 无需任何设置,在传空值的情况下自动传入当前时间 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into t1 values(); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values(); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t1; +---------------------+ | x | +---------------------+ | 2018-07-07 01:26:14 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t2; +---------------------+ | x | +---------------------+ | 2018-07-07 01:26:17 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在实际应用的很多场景中,MySQL的这两种日期类型都能够满足我们的需要,存储精度都为秒,但在某些情况下,会展现出他们各自的优劣。下面就来总结一下两种日期类型的区别。 1.DATETIME的日期范围是1001——9999年,TIMESTAMP的时间范围是1970——2038年。 2.DATETIME存储时间与时区无关,TIMESTAMP存储时间与时区有关,显示的值也依赖于时区。在mysql服务器,操作系统以及客户端连接都有时区的设置。 3.DATETIME使用8字节的存储空间,TIMESTAMP的存储空间为4字节。因此,TIMESTAMP比DATETIME的空间利用率更高。 4.DATETIME的默认值为null;TIMESTAMP的字段默认不为空(not null),默认值为当前时间(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),如果不做特殊处理,并且update语句中没有指定该列的更新值,则默认更新为当前时间。
字符串类型
char:定长 varchar:变长
下面我们来看看两种类型存储数据的情况
create table t16(name char(5)); create table t17(name varchar(5)); //现在插入数据 insert into t16('星星 ');//后面有一个空格 insert into t17('星星 '); //查看它们的长度 mysql> select char_length(name) from t16; +-------------------+ | char_length(name) | +-------------------+ | 2 | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select char_length(name) from t17; +-------------------+ | char_length(name) | +-------------------+ | 3 | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) //让他们的空格也算上一个字符 mysql> set sql_mode='PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select char_length(name) from t16; //定长的就是5个了 +-------------------+ | char_length(name) | +-------------------+ | 5 | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select char_length(name) from t17; +-------------------+ | char_length(name) | +-------------------+ | 3 | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
关于空格,等值比较的时候最后的空格忽略,前后的空格不会
mysql> select * from t16 where name='星星'; +-----------+ | name | +-----------+ | 星星 | +-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t17 where name='星星'; +---------+ | name | +---------+ | 星星 | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t17 where name='星星 '; +---------+ | name | +---------+ | 星星 | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t17 where name=' 星星';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
like搭配 % _的使用
mysql> select * from t16 where name like '星星_'; //char Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t16 where name like '星星___'; +-----------+ | name | +-----------+ | 星星 | +-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t17 where name like '星星_'; //varchar +---------+ | name | +---------+ | 星星 | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t17 where name like '星星___'; Empty set (0.00 sec)
对于char(5)的存储:字符不够空格补充,取得时候方便,一次5个
对于varchar(5)的存储:有几个字符就是几个字符,并且前面有1-2个bytes的头,
Value | CHAR(4) | Storage Required | VARCHAR(4) | Storage Required |
---|---|---|---|---|
'' |
' ' |
4 bytes | '' |
1 byte |
'ab' |
'ab ' |
4 bytes | 'ab' |
3 bytes |
'abcd' |
'abcd' |
4 bytes | 'abcd' |
5 bytes |
'abcdefgh' |
'abcd' |
4 bytes | 'abcd' |
5 bytes |
总结
#InnoDB存储引擎:建议使用VARCHAR类型 单从数据类型的实现机制去考虑,char数据类型的处理速度更快,有时甚至可以超出varchar处理速度的50%。 但对于InnoDB数据表,内部的行存储格式没有区分固定长度和可变长度列(所有数据行都使用指向数据列值的头指针),因此在本质上,使用固定长度的CHAR列不一定比使用可变长度VARCHAR列性能要好。因而,主要的性能因素是数据行使用的存储总量。由于CHAR平均占用的空间多于VARCHAR,因此使用VARCHAR来最小化需要处理的数据行的存储总量和磁盘I/O是比较好的。 #其他字符串系列(效率:char>varchar>text) TEXT系列 TINYTEXT TEXT MEDIUMTEXT LONGTEXT BLOB 系列 TINYBLOB BLOB MEDIUMBLOB LONGBLOB BINARY系列 BINARY VARBINARY text:text数据类型用于保存变长的大字符串,可以组多到65535 (2**16 − 1)个字符。 mediumtext:A TEXT column with a maximum length of 16,777,215 (2**24 − 1) characters. longtext:A TEXT column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (2**32 − 1) characters.
枚举类型和集合类型
枚举和集合都设置为not null时,插入数据时,集合不能为空,枚举对象为空时,默认使用第一个枚举对象
mysql> desc consumer; +-------+----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('nale','female') | NO | | NULL | | | fav | set('play','music','read') | NO | | NULL | | +-------+----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into consumer(name) values ('mayun'); ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'fav' doesn't have a default value mysql> insert into consumer(name,fav) values ('mayun','play'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec) mysql> select * from consumer; +------+-------+------+------+ | id | name | sex | fav | +------+-------+------+------+ | NULL | mayun | nale | play | +------+-------+------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table employee( -> id int, -> name char(10), -> sex enum('male','female','other'), -> hobbies set('play','eat','music','read') -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec) mysql> insert into employee values -> (1,'zhangsan','male','music,read'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec) mysql> select * from employee; +------+------------+------+------------+ | id | name | sex | hobbies | +------+------------+------+------------+ | 1 | zhangsan | male | music,read | +------+------------+------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into employee values -> (1,'zhangsan','xxxxx','music,read'); //插入里面没有的情况,结果为空 Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec) mysql> select * from employee; +------+------------+------+------------+ | id | name | sex | hobbies | +------+------------+------+------------+ | 1 | zhangsan | male | music,read | | 1 | zhangsan | | music,read | +------+------------+------+------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)