• 12-UA池和代理池


    一、UA池和代理池

      1、UA池

                                         

     scrapy的下载中间件:

      

    下载中间件(Downloader Middlewares) 位于scrapy引擎和下载器之间的一层组件。

    作用:

    (1)引擎将请求传递给下载器过程中, 下载中间件可以对请求进行一系列处理。比如设置请求的 User-Agent,设置代理等

    (2)在下载器完成将Response传递给引擎中,下载中间件可以对响应进行一系列处理。比如进行gzip解压等。

    我们主要使用下载中间件处理请求,一般会对请求设置随机的User-Agent ,设置随机的代理。目的在于防止爬取网站的反爬虫策略。

    UA池作用:尽可能多的将scrapy框架中的请求伪装成不同类型的浏览器以及不同电脑的身份。

    - 操作流程:

        1.下载中间件中拦截请求

        2.将拦截到的请求的请求头信息中的UA进行伪装

        3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件

    代码展示:(只需要看proccess_request方法)

    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    # Define here the models for your spider middleware
    #
    # See documentation in:
    # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
    
    from scrapy import signals
    from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
    import random
    from time import sleep
    
    class WangyixinwenDownloaderMiddleware(object):
        # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
        # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
        # passed objects.
        user_agent_list = [
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
        ]
        # 代理池
        PROXY_http = [
            '153.180.102.104:80',
            '195.208.131.189:56055',
        ]
        PROXY_https = [
            '120.83.49.90:9000',
            '95.189.112.214:35508',
        ]
    
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            """
            在这里可以设置UA,如果要设置IP就需要等自己IP出现问题再前去process_exception中设置代理IP
            但最后一定要返回request对象
            :param request:
            :param spider:
            :return:
            """
            # ua = random.choice(self.user_agent_list)#随机选择一个元素(反爬策略(即不同浏览器和机型))出来
            # request.headers["User-Agent"] = ua
            #return request#将修正的request对象重新进行发送
            return None
    
        def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
            #刚才响应体缺失,因此从这里我们应该重新返回新的响应体
            #这里要用到爬虫程序中的urls,判断url是否在里面,在urls里面的就会出现响应缺失,
            # 、因此需要返回新的响应体
            if request.url in spider.urls:
                #响应缺失是因为是动态加载数据,因此我们配合selenium使用
                #在这里实例化selenium的话会被实例化多次,然而selenium只需要实例化一次,
                #这个时候我们可以将selenium放在实例化一次的爬虫程序开始的时候,实例化完成引入
                sleep(2)
                bro = spider.bro.get(url=request.url)#浏览器中发送请求
                sleep(1)
                spider.bro.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0,document.body.scrollHeight)")
                sleep(1.5)
                spider.bro.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0,document.body.scrollHeight)")
                sleep(0.7)
                spider.bro.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0,document.body.scrollHeight)")
                sleep(1)
                spider.bro.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0,document.body.scrollHeight)")
                #发送到请求我们需要获取浏览器当前页面的源码数据 获取数据之前需要翻滚页面
                page_text = spider.bro.page_source
                #改动返回响应对象  scrapy提供了一个库url=spider.bro.current_url, body=page_text, encoding='utf-8', request=request
                new_response = HtmlResponse(url=request.url,body=page_text,encoding="utf-8",request=request)
                return new_response
            else:
                return response
            #提交完新的响应体之后,去设置将下载中间件打开
    
        def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
            # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
            # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.
    
            # Must either:
            # - return None: continue processing this exception
            # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
            # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
            #如果抛出异常,那么就换代理IP
            # 代理ip的设定
            # if request.url.split(':')[0] == 'http':
            #     request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_http)
            # else:
            #     request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_https)
            # # 将修正后的请求对象重新进行请求发送
            # return request
            pass

    然后去配置文件开启中间件settings.py:

    # Enable or disable downloader middlewares
    # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
    DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
       'Wangyixinwen.middlewares.WangyixinwenDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
    }

    2、代理池

    作用:尽可能多的将scrapy框架中的请求的IP设置成不同的,当服务器禁止自己电脑的ip的时候将自动调用process_exception中的ip代理设置

    操作流程:

        1.在下载中间件中拦截请求

        2.将拦截到的请求的IP修改成某一代理IP

        3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件

     def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
            # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
            # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.
    
            # Must either:
            # - return None: continue processing this exception
            # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
            # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
            #如果抛出异常,那么就换代理IP
            # 代理ip的设定
             if request.url.split(':')[0] == 'http':
                 request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_http)
             else:
                 request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_https)
             # 将修正后的请求对象重新进行请求发送
             return request
    # Enable or disable downloader middlewares
    # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
    DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
       'Wangyixinwen.middlewares.WangyixinwenDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
    }

    拦截请求直接在上面中间件代码的process_exception中,配置文件也在上面。

     

        

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lishuntao/p/11629788.html
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