准备知识
DBUtils模块 <<-----重点
DBUtils是Python的一个用于实现数据库连接池的模块
此连接池有两种连接模式:
DBUtils提供两种外部接口:
PersistentDB :提供线程专用的数据库连接,并自动管理连接。
PooledDB :提供线程间可共享的数据库连接,并自动管理连接。
from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB import pymysql POOL = PooledDB( creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块 maxconnections=6, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数 mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建 maxcached=5, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制 maxshared=3, # 链接池中最多共享的链接数量,0和None表示全部共享。PS: 无用,因为pymysql和MySQLdb等模块的 threadsafety都为1,所有值无论设置为多少,_maxcached永远为0,所以永远是所有链接都共享。 blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错 maxusage=None, # 一个链接最多被重复使用的次数,None表示无限制 setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。 ping=0, # ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。 host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', password='123456', database='youku', charset='utf8', autocommit = True )
def func(): ... conn = POOL.connection() ...
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # @Time : 2018/05/17 8:25 # @Author : MJay_Lee # @File : 列表推导式.py # @Contact : limengjiejj@hotmail.com egg_list = [] for i in range(10): egg_list.append('egg%s' % i) print(egg_list) # ['egg0', 'egg1', 'egg2', 'egg3', 'egg4', 'egg5', 'egg6', 'egg7', 'egg8', 'egg9'] egg_list2 = ['egg%s' % i for i in range(10)] print(egg_list2)
class Foo: x=1 def __init__(self,y): self.y=y def __getattr__(self, item): print('----> from getattr:你找的属性不存在') def __setattr__(self, key, value): print('----> from setattr') # self.key=value #这就无限递归了,你好好想想 # self.__dict__[key]=value #应该使用它 def __delattr__(self, item): print('----> from delattr') # del self.item #无限递归了 self.__dict__.pop(item) #__setattr__添加/修改属性会触发它的执行 f1=Foo(10) print(f1.__dict__) # 因为你重写了__setattr__,凡是赋值操作都会触发它的运行,你啥都没写,就是根本没赋值,除非你直接操作属性字典,否则永远无法赋值 f1.z=3 print(f1.__dict__) #__delattr__删除属性的时候会触发 f1.__dict__['a']=3#我们可以直接修改属性字典,来完成添加/修改属性的操作 del f1.a print(f1.__dict__) #__getattr__只有在使用点调用属性且属性不存在的时候才会触发 f1.xxxxxx
补充:
class Foo: def __init__(self,x): self.x=x def __getattr__(self, item): print('执行的是我') # return self.__dict__[item] def __getattribute__(self, item): print('不管是否存在,我都会执行') raise AttributeError('哈哈') f1=Foo(10) f1.x f1.xxxxxx #当__getattribute__与__getattr__同时存在,只会执行__getattrbute__,除非__getattribute__在执行过程中抛出异常AttributeError
反射(update和save两个功能代码里,拼接SQL语句时,给参数赋值时时需要用上):
def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr """ getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y. When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case. """ pass def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value. setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v'' """ pass def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ Deletes the named attribute from the given object. delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y'' """ pass
class BlackMedium: feature='Ugly' def __init__(self,name,addr): self.name=name self.addr=addr def sell_house(self): print('%s 黑中介卖房子啦,傻逼才买呢,但是谁能证明自己不傻逼' %self.name) def rent_house(self): print('%s 黑中介租房子啦,傻逼才租呢' %self.name) b1=BlackMedium('万成置地','回龙观天露园') #检测是否含有某属性 print(hasattr(b1,'name')) print(hasattr(b1,'sell_house')) #获取属性 n=getattr(b1,'name') print(n) func=getattr(b1,'rent_house') func() # getattr(b1,'aaaaaaaa') #报错 print(getattr(b1,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #设置属性 setattr(b1,'sb',True) setattr(b1,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb') print(b1.__dict__) print(b1.show_name(b1)) #删除属性 delattr(b1,'addr') delattr(b1,'show_name') delattr(b1,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错 print(b1.__dict__)
操作类与对象的属性的补充:
class Foo: def __del__(self): print('执行我啦') f1=Foo() del f1 print('------->') #输出结果 执行我啦 -------> ----------------------以下是另一种情况 class Foo: def __del__(self): print('执行我啦') f1=Foo() # del f1 print('------->') #输出结果 -------> 执行我啦 典型的应用场景: 创建数据库类,用该类实例化出数据库链接对象,对象本身是存放于用户空间内存中,而链接则是由操作系统管理的,存放于内核空间内存中 当程序结束时,python只会回收自己的内存空间,即用户态内存,而操作系统的资源则没有被回收,这就需要我们定制__del__,在对象被删除前向操作系统发起关闭数据库链接的系统调用,回收资源
format_dict={ 'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型 'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址 'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名 } class School: def __init__(self,name,addr,type): self.name=name self.addr=addr self.type=type def __repr__(self): return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr) def __str__(self): return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr) def __format__(self, format_spec): # if format_spec if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict: format_spec='nat' fmt=format_dict[format_spec] return fmt.format(obj=self) s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立') print('from repr: ',repr(s1)) print('from str: ',str(s1)) print(s1) ''' str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__() repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__() 如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出 注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常 ''' print(format(s1,'nat')) print(format(s1,'tna')) print(format(s1,'tan')) print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # @Time : 2018/04/18 17:47 # @Author : MJay_Lee # @File : 单例.py # @Contact : limengjiejj@hotmail.com # 基于元类实现单例模式 # 单例:即单个实例,指的是同一个类实例化多次的结果指向同一个对象,用于节省空间(场景:假若从配置文件中读取配置来进行实例化,在配置相同的情况下,就没必要重复产生对象浪费内存了) # 方式一:定义一个类方法实现单例模式 # import setting # # class Mysql: # instance = None # def __init__(self,host,port): # self.host = host # self.port = port # # @classmethod # def from_conf(self): # if not Mysql.instance: # res = Mysql(setting.HOST, setting.PORT) # Mysql.instance = res # return Mysql.instance # # # con1 = Mysql('127.0.0.1',80) # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000A9F7FC7978> # # con2 = Mysql('127.0.0.1',80) # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000A9F7FD8710> # # con3 = Mysql('127.0.0.1',80) # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000A9F7E09C88> # # print(con1,con2,con3) # # # # # con1 = Mysql.from_conf() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000BB72BA4DD8> # # con2 = Mysql.from_conf() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000BB72BA4E48> # # con3 = Mysql.from_conf() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000BB72BA4E80> # # print(con1,con2,con3) # # con1 = Mysql.from_conf() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000BD5BBA4DD8> # con2 = Mysql.from_conf() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000BD5BBA4DD8> # con3 = Mysql.from_conf() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x000000BD5BBA4DD8> # print(con1 is con2 is con3) # True # # 方式二:定制元类实现 # # 若从配置文件取相同配置产生对象则实现单例,若传值则新建对象 import setting class Mymeta(type): def __init__(self,name,bases,dic): # 定义类Mysql时就触发 # 事先从配置文件中取配置来造一个Mysql的实例出来 self.__instance = object.__new__(self) # 产生对象 self.__init__(self.__instance,setting.HOST,setting.PORT) # 初始化对象 #上述两步可合并下面一步 # self.__instance = super().__call__(*args,**kwargs) super().__init__(name,bases,dic) def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): # Mysql(...)时触发 if args or kwargs: # Mymeta类的对象括号内传值则新建obj,否则返回self.__instance obj = object.__new__(self) self.__init__(obj,*args,**kwargs) return obj return self.__instance # Mysql = Mymeta('Mysql',(obj,),class_dic) class Mysql(metaclass=Mymeta): def __init__(self,host,port): self.host = host self.port = port con1 = Mysql() con2 = Mysql() # con3 = Mysql() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x0000008BA7E24DD8> # con4 = Mysql('127.0.0.1',80) # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x0000004B4B904EF0>,若Mymeta类的对象(Mysql)括号内传值则新建obj # print(con4) # True # 装饰器实现单例 # import setting # # def single_obj(cls): # __instance = cls(setting.HOST,setting.PORT) # def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # if args or kwargs: # obj = cls(*args, **kwargs) # return obj # return __instance # return wrapper # # @single_obj # class Mysql: # def __init__(self,host,port): # self.host = host # self.port = port # # con1 = Mysql() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x0000001F978D9C88> # con2 = Mysql() # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x0000001F978D9C88> # con3 = Mysql('127.0.0.1',80) # <__main__.Mysql object at 0x0000001F98AE4DD8> # # print(con1 is con2) # True
ORM简介
ORM即Object Relational Mapping,全称对象关系映射。
当我们需要对数据库进行操作时,势必需要通过连接数据、调用sql语句、执行sql语句等操作,ORM将数据库中的表,字段,行与我们面向对象编程的类及其方法,属性等一一对应,即将该部分操作封装起来,程序猿不需懂得sql语句即可完成对数据库的操作。
一、知识储备:
1、在实例化一个user对象的时候,可以user=User(name='lqz',password='123')
2 也可以 user=User()
user['name']='lqz'
user['password']='123'
3 也可以 user=User()
user.name='lqz'
user.password='password'
前两种,可以通过继承字典dict来实现,第三种,用getattr和setattr:
__getattr__ 拦截点号运算。当对未定义的属性名称和实例进行点号运算时,就会用属性名作为字符串调用这个方法。如果继承树可以找到该属性,则不调用此方法
__setattr__会拦截所有属性的的赋值语句。如果定义了这个方法,self.arrt = value 就会变成self,__setattr__("attr", value).这个需要注意。当在__setattr__方法内对属性进行赋值是,不可使用self.attr = value,因为他会再次调用self,__setattr__("attr", value),则会形成无穷递归循环,最后导致堆栈溢出异常。应该通过对属性字典做索引运算来赋值任何实例属性,也就是使用self.__dict__['name'] = value
二、定义Model基类
# 在ModelsMetaclass中自定义拦截实例化对象的方法 class Models(dict,metaclass=ModelsMetaclass): # k,v形式的值 def __init__(self,**kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) # 写存 def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value # 读取 def __getattr__(self, item): try: return self[item] except KeyError: raise ('没有该属性')
三、定义Field
数据库中每一列数据,都有:列名,列的数据类型,是否是主键,默认值
# 表示一个列:列名,列的类型,列的主键和默认值 class Field: def __init__(self,name,column_type,primary_key,default): self.name = name self.column_type = column_type self.primary_key = primary_key self.default = default class StringField(Field): def __init__(self,name=None,column_type='varchar(200)',primary_key=False,default=None): super().__init__(name,column_type,primary_key,default) class IntegerField(Field): def __init__(self,name=None,column_type='int',primary_key=False,default=None): super().__init__(name,column_type,primary_key,default)
四、定义元类
数据库中的每个表,都有表名,每一列的列名,以及主键是哪一列
既然我要用数据库中的表,对应这一个程序中的类,那么我这个类也应该有这些类属性
但是不同的类这些类属性又不尽相同,所以我应该怎么做?在元类里拦截类的创建过程,然后把这些东西取出来,放到类里面
class ModelsMetaclass(type): def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs): if name == 'Models': # return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs) table_name = attrs.get('table_name', None) #字典取值,中括号或.get if not table_name: table_name = name primary_key = None mappings = dict() for k, v in attrs.items(): if isinstance(v, Field): # v 是不是Field的对象 mappings[k] = v if v.primary_key: # v是基类对象,即判断该字段的主键 # 找到主键 if primary_key: raise TypeError('主键重复:%s' % k) primary_key = k for k in mappings.keys(): attrs.pop(k) # 执行完此步后,attrs中只剩余有__属性__ if not primary_key: raise TypeError('没有主键') attrs['table_name'] = table_name attrs['primary_key'] = primary_key attrs['mappings'] = mappings return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
五、基于pymysql的数据库操作类(单例)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # @Time : 2018/05/15 10:44 # @Author : MJay_Lee # @File : mysql_singleton.py # @Contact : limengjiejj@hotmail.com import pymysql class Mysql_interface: __instense = None def __init__(self): self.conn = pymysql.connect( host = '127.0.0.1', port = 3306, user = 'root', password = '123456', charset = 'utf8', database = 'youku', autocommit = True ) self.cursor = self.conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) def close_db(self): self.cursor.close() self.conn.close() def select(self,sql,args): self.cursor.execute(sql,args) re = self.cursor.fetchall() return re def execute(self,sql,args): try: self.cursor.execute(sql,args) affected = self.cursor.rowcount except BaseException as e: print(e) return affected @classmethod def singleton(cls): if not cls.__instense: cls.__instense = cls() return cls.__instense if __name__ == '__main__': ms = Mysql_interface() re = ms.select('select * from user where id = %s',1) print(re)
六、继续Models基类
Models类是所有要对应数据库表类的基类,所以,Models的元类应该是咱们上面写的那个
而每个数据库表对应类的对象,都应该有查询、插入、保存,方法
所以:
# 在ModelsMetaclass中自定义拦截实例化对象的方法 class Models(dict,metaclass=ModelsMetaclass): # k,v形式的值 def __init__(self,**kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) # 写存 def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value # 读取 def __getattr__(self, item): try: return self[item] except KeyError: raise ('没有该属性') @classmethod def select_one(cls,**kwargs): ''' 查一条 :param kwargs: :return: ''' key = list(kwargs.keys())[0] value = kwargs[key] # select * from user where id=%s sql = 'select * from %s where %s =?' % (cls.table_name,key) sql = sql.replace('?','%s') ms = mysql_singleton.Mysql_interface().singleton() re = ms.select(sql,value) # 得到re字典对象 if re: # attrs = {'name':'lmj','password':123} # User(**attrs) # 相当于 User(name='lmj',password=123) return cls(**re[0]) else: return @classmethod def select_many(cls, **kwargs): ''' 查多条 :param kwargs: :return: ''' ms = mysql_singleton.Mysql_interface().singleton() if kwargs: key = list(kwargs.keys())[0] value = kwargs[key] sql = 'select * from %s where %s =?' % (cls.table_name, key) sql = sql.replace('?', '%s') re = ms.select(sql, value) # 得到re字典对象 else: sql = 'select * from %s' % (cls.table_name) re = ms.select(sql) if re: obj_list = [cls(**r) for r in re] return obj_list else: return def update(self): ms = mysql_singleton.Mysql_interface().singleton() # update user set name = ?,password = ? where id = ? filed_data = [] # name = ?,password = ? pr = None args = [] # 字段的值 for k,v in self.mappings.items(): if v.primary_key: pr = getattr(self,v.name,v.default) else: filed_data.append(v.name + '=?') args.append(getattr(self,v.name,v.default)) sql = 'update %s set %s where %s = %s' % (self.table_name,','.join(filed_data),self.primary_key,pr) sql = sql.replace('?','%s') ms.execute(sql,args) def save(self): ms = mysql_singleton.Mysql_interface().singleton() # insert into user(name,password) values (?,?) field_data = [] args = [] value_data = [] for k,v in self.mappings.items(): if not v.primary_key: field_data.append(v.name) args.append(getattr(self,v.name,v.default)) value_data.append('?') sql = 'insert into %s(%s) VALUES (%s)' % (self.table_name,','.join(field_data),','.join(value_data)) sql = sql.replace('?','%s') ms.execute(sql,args)
数据库池版,orm_pool的配置:
from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB import pymysql POOL = PooledDB( creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块 maxconnections=6, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数 mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建 maxcached=5, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制 maxshared=3, # 链接池中最多共享的链接数量,0和None表示全部共享。PS: 无用,因为pymysql和MySQLdb等模块的 threadsafety都为1,所有值无论设置为多少,_maxcached永远为0,所以永远是所有链接都共享。 blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错 maxusage=None, # 一个链接最多被重复使用的次数,None表示无限制 setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。 ping=0, # ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。 host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', password='123456', database='youku', charset='utf8', autocommit = True ) def func(): # 检测当前正在运行连接数的是否小于最大链接数,如果不小于则:等待或报raise TooManyConnections异常 # 否则 # 则优先去初始化时创建的链接中获取链接 SteadyDBConnection。 # 然后将SteadyDBConnection对象封装到PooledDedicatedDBConnection中并返回。 # 如果最开始创建的链接没有链接,则去创建一个SteadyDBConnection对象,再封装到PooledDedicatedDBConnection中并返回。 # 一旦关闭链接后,连接就返回到连接池让后续线程继续使用。 conn = POOL.connection() # print('链接被拿走了', conn._con) # print('池子里目前有', POOL._idle_cache, ' ') cursor = conn.cursor() cursor.execute('select * from user') result = cursor.fetchall() print(result) conn.close() if __name__ == '__main__': func()
mysql_pool的配置:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # @Time : 2018/05/15 10:44 # @Author : MJay_Lee # @File : mysql_pool.py # @Contact : limengjiejj@hotmail.com from video_web_mysql.orm_pool import orm_pool import pymysql class Mysql_interface: def __init__(self): self.conn = orm_pool.POOL.connection() self.cursor = self.conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) def close_db(self): self.cursor.close() self.conn.close() def select(self,sql,args=None): self.cursor.execute(sql,args) re = self.cursor.fetchall() return re def execute(self,sql,args): try: self.cursor.execute(sql,args) affected = self.cursor.rowcount except BaseException as e: print(e) return affected if __name__ == '__main__': ms = Mysql_interface() re = ms.select('select * from user where id = %s',1) print(re)
fuckorm的完整源码:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # @Time : 2018/05/15 8:58 # @Author : MJay_Lee # @File : fuckorm.py # @Contact : limengjiejj@hotmail.com from video_web_mysql.orm_pool import mysql_pool # 表示一个列:列名,列的类型,列的主键和默认值 class Field: def __init__(self,name,column_type,primary_key,default): self.name = name self.column_type = column_type self.primary_key = primary_key self.default = default class StringField(Field): def __init__(self,name=None,column_type='varchar(200)',primary_key=False,default=None): super().__init__(name,column_type,primary_key,default) class IntegerField(Field): def __init__(self,name=None,column_type='int',primary_key=False,default=None): super().__init__(name,column_type,primary_key,default) class ModelsMetaclass(type): def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs): if name == 'Models': # return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs) table_name = attrs.get('table_name', None) #字典取值,中括号或.get if not table_name: table_name = name primary_key = None mappings = dict() for k, v in attrs.items(): if isinstance(v, Field): # v 是不是Field的对象 mappings[k] = v if v.primary_key: # v是基类对象,即判断该字段的主键 # 找到主键 if primary_key: raise TypeError('主键重复:%s' % k) primary_key = k for k in mappings.keys(): attrs.pop(k) # 执行完此步后,attrs中只剩余有__属性__ if not primary_key: raise TypeError('没有主键') attrs['table_name'] = table_name attrs['primary_key'] = primary_key attrs['mappings'] = mappings return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs) # 在ModelsMetaclass中自定义拦截实例化对象的方法 class Models(dict,metaclass=ModelsMetaclass): # k,v形式的值 def __init__(self,**kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) # 写存 def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value # 读取 def __getattr__(self, item): try: return self[item] except KeyError: raise ('没有该属性') @classmethod def select_one(cls,**kwargs): ''' 查一条 :param kwargs: :return: ''' key = list(kwargs.keys())[0] value = kwargs[key] # select * from user where id=%s sql = 'select * from %s where %s =?' % (cls.table_name,key) sql = sql.replace('?','%s') ms = mysql_pool.Mysql_interface() re = ms.select(sql,value) # 得到re字典对象 if re: # attrs = {'name':'lmj','password':123} # User(**attrs) # 相当于 User(name='lmj',password=123) return cls(**re[0]) else: return @classmethod def select_many(cls, **kwargs): ''' 查多条 :param kwargs: :return: ''' ms = mysql_pool.Mysql_interface() if kwargs: key = list(kwargs.keys())[0] value = kwargs[key] sql = 'select * from %s where %s =?' % (cls.table_name, key) sql = sql.replace('?', '%s') re = ms.select(sql, value) # 得到re字典对象 else: sql = 'select * from %s' % (cls.table_name) re = ms.select(sql) if re: obj_list = [cls(**r) for r in re] return obj_list else: return def update(self): ms = mysql_pool.Mysql_interface() # update user set name = ?,password = ? where id = ? filed_data = [] # name = ?,password = ? pr = None args = [] # 字段的值 for k,v in self.mappings.items(): if v.primary_key: pr = getattr(self,v.name,v.default) else: filed_data.append(v.name + '=?') args.append(getattr(self,v.name,v.default)) sql = 'update %s set %s where %s = %s' % (self.table_name,','.join(filed_data),self.primary_key,pr) sql = sql.replace('?','%s') ms.execute(sql,args) def save(self): ms = mysql_pool.Mysql_interface() # insert into user(name,password) values (?,?) field_data = [] args = [] value_data = [] for k,v in self.mappings.items(): # 此处判断是否为自增主键,否则插入时避免还需手动输入主键ID if not v.primary_key: field_data.append(v.name) value_data.append('?') args.append(getattr(self, v.name, v.default)) sql = 'insert into %s(%s) VALUES (%s)' % (self.table_name,','.join(field_data),','.join(value_data)) sql = sql.replace('?','%s') ms.execute(sql,args) class User(Models): ''' 首先赋值表名 其次根据数据库表结构来赋值 ''' table_name = 'user' # k v(Field的对象) id = IntegerField('id',primary_key=True) password = StringField('password') class Notice(Models): table_name = 'notice' id = IntegerField('id',primary_key=True) name = StringField('name') content = StringField('content') user_id = IntegerField('user_id') if __name__ == '__main__': # notice = Notice.select_one(id=1) # print(notice.content) # notice_list = Notice.select_many(id=1) # print(notice_list) # notice.name = '改变了' # notice.update() notice = Notice(name='123',content='新插入',user_id=1) notice.save()
增删改查,基础功能均亲测有效。