Mysql 优化建议

1、硬件层相关优化

1.1、CPU相关

在服务器的BIOS设置中，可调整下面的几个配置，目的是发挥CPU最大性能，或者避免经典的NUMA问题：

1、选择Performance Per Watt Optimized(DAPC)模式，发挥CPU最大性能，跑DB这种通常需要高运算量的服务就不要考虑节电了；
2、关闭C1E和C States等选项，目的也是为了提升CPU效率
3、Memory Frequency（内存频率）选择Maximum Performance（最佳性能）；
4、内存设置菜单中，启用Node Interleaving，避免NUMA问题；

1.2、磁盘I/O相关

下面几个是按照IOPS性能提升的幅度排序，对于磁盘I/O可优化的一些措施：

1、使用SSD或者PCIe SSD设备，至少获得数百倍甚至万倍的IOPS提升；
2、购置阵列卡同时配备CACHE及BBU模块，可明显提升IOPS（主要是指机械盘，SSD或PCIe SSD除外。同时需要定期检查CACHE及BBU模块的健康状况，确保意外时不至于丢失数据）；

3、有阵列卡时，设置阵列写策略为WB，甚至FORCE WB（若有双电保护，或对数据安全性要求不是特别高的话），严禁使用WT策略。并且闭阵列预读策略，基本上是鸡肋，用处不大；

4、尽可能选用RAID-10，而非RAID-5；

5、使用机械盘的话，尽可能选择高转速的，例如选用15KRPM，而不是7.2KRPM的盘，不差几个钱的；

2、系统层相关优化

2.1、文件系统层优化

在文件系统层，下面几个措施可明显提升IOPS性能：

1、使用deadline/noop这两种I/O调度器，千万别用cfq（它不适合跑DB类服务）；
2、使用xfs文件系统，千万别用ext3；ext4勉强可用，但业务量很大的话，则一定要用xfs；
3、文件系统mount参数中增加：noatime, nodiratime, nobarrier几个选项（nobarrier是xfs文件系统特有的）；

2.2、其他内核参数优化

针对关键内核参数设定合适的值，目的是为了减少swap的倾向，并且让内存和磁盘I/O不会出现大幅波动，导致瞬间波峰负载：

1、将vm.swappiness设置为5-10左右即可，甚至设置为0（RHEL 7以上则慎重设置为0，除非你允许OOM kill发生），以降低使用SWAP的机会；
2、将vm.dirty_background_ratio设置为5-10，将vm.dirty_ratio设置为它的两倍左右，以确保能持续将脏数据刷新到磁盘，避免瞬间I/O写，产生严重等待（和MySQL中的innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct类似）；
3、将net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle、net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse都设置为1，减少TIME_WAIT，提高TCP效率；
4、至于网传的read_ahead_kb、nr_requests这两个参数，我经过测试后，发现对读写混合为主的OLTP环境影响并不大（应该是对读敏感的场景更有效果），不过没准是我测试方法有问题，可自行斟酌是否调整

3、MySQL层相关优化

3.1、关于版本选择

官方版本我们称为ORACLE MySQL，这个没什么好说的，相信绝大多数人会选择它。建议选择Percona分支版本，它是一个相对比较成熟的、优秀的MySQL分支版本，在性能提升、可靠性、管理型方面做了不少改善。它和官方ORACLE MySQL版本基本完全兼容，并且性能大约有20%以上的提升，因此我优先推荐它，

另一个重要的分支版本是MariaDB，说MariaDB是分支版本其实已经不太合适了，因为它的目标是取代ORACLE MySQL。它主要在原来的MySQL Server层做了大量的源码级改进，也是一个非常可靠的、优秀的分支版本。但也由此产生了以GTID为代表的和官方版本无法兼容的新特性（MySQL 5.7开始，也支持GTID模式在线动态开启或关闭了），也考虑到绝大多数人还是会跟着官方版本走，因此没优先推荐MariaDB

3.2、关于最重要的参数选项调整建议建议

调整下面几个关键参数以获得较好的性能：

1、选择Percona或MariaDB版本的话，强烈建议启用thread pool特性，可使得在高并发的情况下，性能不会发生大幅下降。此外，还有extra_port功能，非常实用， 关键时刻能救命的。还有另外一个重要特色是 QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME 功能，也能使我们对整体的SQL响应时间分布有直观感受；

2、设置default-storage-engine=InnoDB，也就是默认采用InnoDB引擎，强烈建议不要再使用MyISAM引擎了，InnoDB引擎绝对可以满足99%以上的业务场景；

3、调整innodb_buffer_pool_size大小，如果是单实例且绝大多数是InnoDB引擎表的话，可考虑设置为物理内存的50% ~ 70%左右；

4、根据实际需要设置innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit、sync_binlog的值。如果要求数据不能丢失，那么两个都设为1。如果允许丢失一点数据，则可分别设为2和10。而如果完全不用care数据是否丢失的话（例如在slave上，反正大不了重做一次），则可都设为0。这三种设置值导致数据库的性能受到影响程度分别是：高、中、低，也就是第一个会另数据库最慢，最后一个则相反；

5、设置innodb_file_per_table = 1，使用独立表空间，我实在是想不出来用共享表空间有什么好处了；

6、设置innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:1G:autoextend，千万不要用默认的10M，否则在有高并发事务时，会受到不小的影响；

7、设置innodb_log_file_size=256M，设置innodb_log_files_in_group=2，基本可满足90%以上的场景；

8、设置long_query_time = 1，而在5.5版本以上，已经可以设置为小于1了，建议设置为0.05（50毫秒），记录那些执行较慢的SQL，用于后续的分析排查；

9、根据业务实际需要，适当调整max_connection（最大连接数）、max_connection_error（最大错误数，建议设置为10万以上，而open_files_limit、innodb_open_files、table_open_cache、table_definition_cache这几个参数则可设为约10倍于max_connection的大小；

10、常见的误区是把tmp_table_size和max_heap_table_size设置的比较大，曾经见过设置为1G的，这2个选项是每个连接会话都会分配的，因此不要设置过大，否则容易导致OOM发生；其他的一些连接会话级选项例如：sort_buffer_size、join_buffer_size、read_buffer_size、read_rnd_buffer_size等，也需要注意不能设置过大；

11、由于已经建议不再使用MyISAM引擎了，因此可以把key_buffer_size设置为32M左右，并且强烈建议关闭query cache功能；

3.3、关于Schema设计规范及SQL使用建议

下面列举了几个常见有助于提升MySQL效率的Schema设计规范及SQL使用建议：
1

、所有的InnoDB表都设计一个无业务用途的自增列做主键，对于绝大多数场景都是如此，真正纯只读用InnoDB表的并不多，真如此的话还不如用TokuDB来得划算；

2、字段长度满足需求前提下，尽可能选择长度小的。此外，字段属性尽量都加上NOT NULL约束，可一定程度提高性能；

3、尽可能不使用TEXT/BLOB类型，确实需要的话，建议拆分到子表中，不要和主表放在一起，避免SELECT * 的时候读性能太差。

4、读取数据时，只选取所需要的列，不要每次都SELECT *，避免产生严重的随机读问题，尤其是读到一些TEXT/BLOB列；

5、对一个VARCHAR(N)列创建索引时，通常取其50%（甚至更小）左右长度创建前缀索引就足以满足80%以上的查询需求了，没必要创建整列的全长度索引；

6、通常情况下，子查询的性能比较差，建议改造成JOIN写法；

7、多表联接查询时，关联字段类型尽量一致，并且都要有索引；

8、多表连接查询时，把结果集小的表（注意，这里是指过滤后的结果集，不一定是全表数据量小的）作为驱动表；

9、多表联接并且有排序时，排序字段必须是驱动表里的，否则排序列无法用到索引；

10、多用复合索引，少用多个独立索引，尤其是一些基数（Cardinality）太小（比如说，该列的唯一值总数少于255）的列就不要创建独立索引了；

11、类似分页功能的SQL，建议先用主键关联，然后返回结果集，效率会高很多；

3.4、其他建议

关于MySQL的管理维护的其他建议有：

1、通常地，单表物理大小不超过10GB，单表行数不超过1亿条，行平均长度不超过8KB，如果机器性能足够，这些数据量MySQL是完全能处理的过来的，不用担心性能问题，这么建议主要是考虑ONLINE DDL的代价较高；

2、不用太担心mysqld进程占用太多内存，只要不发生OOM kill和用到大量的SWAP都还好；

3、在以往，单机上跑多实例的目的是能最大化利用计算资源，如果单实例已经能耗尽大部分计算资源的话，就没必要再跑多实例了；

4、定期使用pt-duplicate-key-checker检查并删除重复的索引。定期使用pt-index-usage工具检查并删除使用频率很低的索引；

5、定期采集slow query log，用pt-query-digest工具进行分析，可结合Anemometer系统进行slow query管理以便分析slow query并进行后续优化工作；

6、可使用pt-kill杀掉超长时间的SQL请求，Percona版本中有个选项 innodb_kill_idle_transaction 也可实现该功能；

7、使用pt-online-schema-change来完成大表的ONLINE DDL需求；

8、定期使用pt-table-checksum、pt-table-sync来检查并修复mysql主从复制的数据差异；`

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