没关系 > 依赖 > 关联 > 聚合 > 组合。
下面是从网上搜集的一些看法：
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1.
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Dependency Relationship
Draw a dependency relationship between two classes, or between a class and an interface, to show that the client class depends on the supplier class/interface to provide certain services, such as:
?The client class accesses a value (constant or variable) defined in the supplier class/interface.
?Operations of the client class invoke operations of the supplier class/interface.
?Operations of the client class have signatures whose return class or arguments are instances of the supplier class/interface.
A dependency relationship is a dotted line with an arrowhead at one end:The arrowhead points to the supplier class.
Association Relationship
An association provides a pathway for communication. The communication can be between use cases and actors, between two classes or between a class and an interface. Associations are the most general of all relationships and consequentially the most semantically weak. If two objects are usually considered independently, the relationship is an association
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Martin Fowler
If you have an association from Class A to Class B then that means every instance of class A has some kind of link to class B. Now exactly what people mean by "some kind of link" varies, it may be a conceptual link, a method of the form getA or a field inside class A. But the usual notion is that the link exists at all times (although if the lower bound is 0 it may be empty). This link can be used by any method of A and, if exposed, by other classes too.
With a parameter the connection between A and B only exists within the scope of the method that took the parameter. No other method can use the connection. As such that, for most people I come across, means that it is not an association.
The dependency means that if you change the interface of B then you may have to change A. An association usually implies a dependency, but not vice-versa, as the parameter example suggests.
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Robert C. Martin
However, association is not free of semantics. An association is a data relationship. i.e. the implementation must use some sort of data variable to implement it. Typically this is done with some kind of member variable or instance variable that refers to the associate. In C++ we might create a pointer variable, in Java a reference variable. Or we might use some kind of string that represents the associate in a dictionary somewhere.
In order for a message to be send between two objects, an association must exist between their two classes; and that association must be navigable in the direction that the message was sent.
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quote:
>What is the difference between Association and Dependency?
>My understanding so far was:
>If an object of class A has a reference to an object of class B in its
>attribute structure, it is association.
Robert C. Martin's answer:
Er, well, uh -- hmmm.
That's as good a definition as any I suppose. There are so many different colloquialisms and slangs for UML that I guess it hardly matters any more.
There was a time when an association was the channel between classes over which messages were sent. No message, no association. But that rule has been relaxed by so much conventional usage that I don't think it can hold any more.
Nowadays we seem to use association and aggregation interchangeably to represent a data field (except, of course, that everybody has their own private definition for what the white diamond means.) Dependency if very commonly used to represent an argument passed to a function. This was not the original intent of UML, but it's the way things have turned out.
There was a time when dependency meant that a class knew about another, but did not send messages. Data structures had dependencies on their members because they didn't send them messages, whereas classes had associations with their members because they did send them messages. But that nice separation has gotten so badly muddled that it has become useless.
Perhaps you can read from my tone that I'm pretty disillusioned with UML. Too bad. It could have been a standard. Now, I think its just going to be a confusing compendium of confounding conventions.
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From UML 2.0 Superstructure Final Adopted Specification:
"An association describes a set of tuples whose values refer to typed instances." (p. 97)
"A dependency is a relationship that signifies that a single or a set of model elements requires other model elements for their specification or implementation." (p. 124)
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依赖是比关联弱的关系，关联代表一种结构化的关系，体现在生成的代码中，以java为例：
若类A单向关联指向类B，则在类A中存在一个属性B b。
若类A依赖类B，则不会有这个属性，类B的实例可能存在于某个方法调用的参数中，或某个方法的局部变量中。
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关联有双向与单向之分，类A与类B双向关联可以是A与B相互可以作为对方的一个attribute，单向的话，就指其中一个类作为另一个类中的 attribute；依赖就只有单向的，不存在attribute的问题，例如类A依赖类B，表示在类A中有三种类B的使用方法：一是类B是全局的，二是类B在类A中实例化，三是类B作为参数被传递
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关联是一种结构关系，表现为一个对象能够获得另一个对象的实例引用并调用它的服务（即使用它）；依赖是一种使用关系，表现为一个对象仅仅是调用了另一个对象的服务
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1.
---------
Dependency Relationship
Draw a dependency relationship between two classes, or between a class and an interface, to show that the client class depends on the supplier class/interface to provide certain services, such as:
?The client class accesses a value (constant or variable) defined in the supplier class/interface.
?Operations of the client class invoke operations of the supplier class/interface.
?Operations of the client class have signatures whose return class or arguments are instances of the supplier class/interface.
A dependency relationship is a dotted line with an arrowhead at one end:The arrowhead points to the supplier class.
Association Relationship
An association provides a pathway for communication. The communication can be between use cases and actors, between two classes or between a class and an interface. Associations are the most general of all relationships and consequentially the most semantically weak. If two objects are usually considered independently, the relationship is an association
---------
2.
---------
Martin Fowler
If you have an association from Class A to Class B then that means every instance of class A has some kind of link to class B. Now exactly what people mean by "some kind of link" varies, it may be a conceptual link, a method of the form getA or a field inside class A. But the usual notion is that the link exists at all times (although if the lower bound is 0 it may be empty). This link can be used by any method of A and, if exposed, by other classes too.
With a parameter the connection between A and B only exists within the scope of the method that took the parameter. No other method can use the connection. As such that, for most people I come across, means that it is not an association.
The dependency means that if you change the interface of B then you may have to change A. An association usually implies a dependency, but not vice-versa, as the parameter example suggests.
---------
3.
---------
Robert C. Martin
However, association is not free of semantics. An association is a data relationship. i.e. the implementation must use some sort of data variable to implement it. Typically this is done with some kind of member variable or instance variable that refers to the associate. In C++ we might create a pointer variable, in Java a reference variable. Or we might use some kind of string that represents the associate in a dictionary somewhere.
In order for a message to be send between two objects, an association must exist between their two classes; and that association must be navigable in the direction that the message was sent.
---------
4.
---------
quote:
>What is the difference between Association and Dependency?
>My understanding so far was:
>If an object of class A has a reference to an object of class B in its
>attribute structure, it is association.
Robert C. Martin's answer:
Er, well, uh -- hmmm.
That's as good a definition as any I suppose. There are so many different colloquialisms and slangs for UML that I guess it hardly matters any more.
There was a time when an association was the channel between classes over which messages were sent. No message, no association. But that rule has been relaxed by so much conventional usage that I don't think it can hold any more.
Nowadays we seem to use association and aggregation interchangeably to represent a data field (except, of course, that everybody has their own private definition for what the white diamond means.) Dependency if very commonly used to represent an argument passed to a function. This was not the original intent of UML, but it's the way things have turned out.
There was a time when dependency meant that a class knew about another, but did not send messages. Data structures had dependencies on their members because they didn't send them messages, whereas classes had associations with their members because they did send them messages. But that nice separation has gotten so badly muddled that it has become useless.
Perhaps you can read from my tone that I'm pretty disillusioned with UML. Too bad. It could have been a standard. Now, I think its just going to be a confusing compendium of confounding conventions.
---------
5.
---------
//
From UML 2.0 Superstructure Final Adopted Specification:
"An association describes a set of tuples whose values refer to typed instances." (p. 97)
"A dependency is a relationship that signifies that a single or a set of model elements requires other model elements for their specification or implementation." (p. 124)
---------
6.
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依赖是比关联弱的关系，关联代表一种结构化的关系，体现在生成的代码中，以java为例：
若类A单向关联指向类B，则在类A中存在一个属性B b。
若类A依赖类B，则不会有这个属性，类B的实例可能存在于某个方法调用的参数中，或某个方法的局部变量中。
---------
7.
---------
关联有双向与单向之分，类A与类B双向关联可以是A与B相互可以作为对方的一个attribute，单向的话，就指其中一个类作为另一个类中的 attribute；依赖就只有单向的，不存在attribute的问题，例如类A依赖类B，表示在类A中有三种类B的使用方法：一是类B是全局的，二是类B在类A中实例化，三是类B作为参数被传递
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8.
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关联是一种结构关系，表现为一个对象能够获得另一个对象的实例引用并调用它的服务（即使用它）；依赖是一种使用关系，表现为一个对象仅仅是调用了另一个对象的服务
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关联(association)
如果几个类元的实例之间有联系，那么这几个类元之间的语义关系即关联。关联描述了系统中对象或实例之间的离散连接。关联将一个含有两个或多个有序表的类元，在允许复制的情况下连接起来。最普通的关联是一对类元之间的二元关联。关联的实例之一是链。每个链由一组对象（一个有序列表）构成，每个对象来自于相应的类。二元链包含一对对象。
关联带有系统中各个对象之间关系的信息。当系统执行时，对象之间的连接被建立和销毁。关联关系是整个系统中使用的“胶粘剂”，如果没有它，那么只剩下不能一起工作的孤立的类。
在关联中如果同一个类出现不止一次，那么一个单独的对象就可以与自己关联。如果同一个类在一个关联中出现两次，那么两个实例就不必是同一个对象，通常的情况都如此。
二元关联用一条连接两个类的连线表示。
聚集表示部分与整体关系的关联，它用端点带有空菱形的线段表示，空菱形与聚集类相连接。组成是更强形式的关联，整体有管理部分的特有的职责，它用一个实菱形物附在组成端表示。每个表示部分的类与表示整体的类之间有单独的关联，但是为了方便起见，连线结合在一起，现在整组关联就像一棵树。
依赖(dependency)
两个元素之间的一种关系，其中一个元素（服务者）的变化将影响另一个元素（客户），或向它（客户）提供所需信息。它是一种组成不同模型关系的简便方法。
依赖表示两个或多个模型元素之间语义上的关系。它只将模型元素本身连接起来而不需要用一组实例来表达它的意思。它表示了这样一种情形，提供者的某些变化会要求或指示依赖关系中客户的变化。
根据这个定义，关联和泛化都是依赖关系，但是它们有更特别的语义，故它们有自己的名字和详细的语义。我们通常用依赖这个词来指其他的关系。
依赖用一个从客户指向提供者的虚箭头表示，用一个构造型的关键字来区分它的种类。
关联（association）和依赖（dependency）的区别：
依赖是比关联弱的关系，关联代表一种结构化的关系，体现在生成的代码中，以java为例：
若类Person单向关联指向类Car ，则在类Person中存在一个属性Car car。
若类Person依赖类Car ，则不会有这个属性，类Car 的实例可能存在于某个方法调用的参数中，或某个方法的局部变量中。
关联（Association Relationship）的代码为：
Public class Person{
Car car=new Car();
}
依赖（Dependency Relationship）的代码为：
Public class Person{
Public void buy(Car car){
}
}
从以上得知关联的主要目的是要得知外部对象的属性和方法，而依赖的主要目的是将对象或类信息作为外部状态传进类中形成外蕴。
在java中关联关系是通过实例变量而实现的，同时关联可以是双向的，关联可以有一对多的关系。
依赖在java语言中体现为局部变量、方法参数，以及对静态的方法调用。依赖总是单向的。