• PYTHON 常用API ***


    1、类型判断

    data = b''
    data = bytes()
    print (type(data))
    #<class 'bytes'>
    isinstance(123,int) 
    if type(L) == type([]):
      print ("yes")
    if type(L) == list:
      print ("yes")
    if isinstance(L, list):
      print ("yes")
    if L is M
      print ("Same")
    if not isinstance(x, list):
      tot += x

     2、指定编码格式

    with open("d:kitkingiot.txt", 'rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
        data = f.read()
        print (data)
    #二进制读写
    with open("d:kitkingiot.bin", 'rb') as f:
        data = f.read()
    
    with open("somefile.bin",'wb') as f:
        f.write(b'hello')
    #如果打开时没有指定编码格式,可以用包装器在打开后指定编码格式 import urllib.request import io u = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.python.org') f = io.TextIOWrapper(u, encoding='utf-8') text = f.read() print(text)

    3、无格式字节流

      bytes         不可变字节类型

      byrearray   可变字节数组

    >>> b = bytearray()
    >>> b.append(10)
    >>> b.remove(100)
    >>> b.insert(0, 150)
    >>> b.extend([1, 3, 5])
    >>> b.pop(2)
    >>> b.reverse()
    >>> b.clear()
    #返回16进制表示的字符串
    >>>bytearray(‘abc’.encode()).hex()
    #bytes<->str转换
    >>> aStr = u'abc'
    >>> b= bytes(aStr, encoding='utf-8')
    >>> newStr = str(b, encoding='utf-8')
    
    #动态开buff
    buf = bytearray(os.path.getsize(filename))
    #读文件到buf
    with open(fileName, 'rb') as f:
      f.readinto(buf)
    #数值<->字串转换
    int("42"),str(42)

    4、I/O映射

    import io
    s = io.StringIO()
    f = io.BytesIO()

    5、文件->内存映射(切片方式修改内存)

    import mmap
    
    fileName = "d:kitkingiotBaidu.bin"
    size = os.path.getsize(fileName)
    fd = os.open(fileName, os.O_RDWR)
    m = mmap.mmap(fd, size, access=mmap.ACCESS_WRITE)
    m[0:11] = b'Hello World'
    m.close()

    #shell下使用"od -x iotBaidu.bin"查看修改情况

    6、读写压缩文件

    import gzip
    with gzip.open("someFile.gz", 'rt') as f:
        text = f.read()
        
    import bz2
    with bz2.open('someFile.bz2', 'rt') as f:
        text = f.read()

    7、串行化

    import pickle
    data = ... # some python object
    f = open("fileName", 'wb')
    pickle.dump(data, f) #如果存储为字符串使用 pickle.dumps()
    
    #Restore from a file
    f = open("fileName", 'rb')
    data = pickle.load(f)
    
    #Restore from a string
    data = pickle.loads(f)

       迭代式pickle:连续dump/load

    >>> import pickle
    >>> f = open('fileName.pkl', 'wb')
    >>> pickle.dump([1,2,3,4], f)
    >>> pickle.dump('hello', f)
    >>> pickle.dump({'Apple', 'Pear', 'Banana'}, f}
    >>> f.close
    >>> f = open('fileName.pkl', 'rb')
    >>> pickle.load(f)
    [1, 2, 3, 4]
    >>> pickle.load(f)
    'hello'
    >>> pickle.load(f)
    {'Apple', 'Pear', 'Banana'}

      db方式:

    import shelve
    #串行化
    db = shelve.open('persondb')
    for object in (bob, sue, tom):
        db[object.name] = object
    db.close()
    
    #解串行化
    db = shelve.open('persondb')
    len(db)
    list(db.keys())
    bob = db['Bob Smith']
    for key in db:
        print(key, '=>', db[key])

      二进制串行化

    #串行化
    from struct import Struct
    
    def write_records(records, format, f):
        record_struct = Struct(format)
        for r in records:
            f.write(record_struct.pack(*r))
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        records = [ (1, 2.3, 4.5),
                    (6, 7.8, 9.0),
                    (12, 13.4, 56.7) ]
    
        with open('data.b', 'wb') as f:
             write_records(records, '<idd', f)
    
    #解串行化
    from struct import Struct
    
    def unpack_records(format, data):
        record_struct = Struct(format)
        return (record_struct.unpack_from(data, offset)
                for offset in range(0, len(data), record_struct.size))
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        with open('data.b', 'rb') as f:
            data = f.read()
            for rec in unpack_records('<idd', data):
                print(rec)
    
    #固定记录解串行化
    from struct import Struct
    
    def read_records(format, f):
        record_struct = Struct(format)
        chunks = iter(lambda: f.read(record_struct.size), b'')
        return (record_struct.unpack(chunk) for chunk in chunks)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        with open('data.b','rb') as f:
            for rec in read_records('<idd', f):
                print(rec)

    8、lambda

    L = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    list(map(lambda x: x+3), L))
    #输出:
    #[4, 5, 6, 7]

    list(filter((lambda x: x > 0), range(-5, 5)))
    #输出:
    #[1, 2, 3, 4]
    list( map((lambda x: x**2), filter((lambda x: x%2) == 0), rang(10))) )
    #[0, 4, 16, 36, 64]

    9、迭代器、生成器

      可迭代的:容器(list, deque, set, frozensets, dict, defaultdict, OrderedDict, Counter, tuple, namedtuple, str)、files、sockets均为可迭代对象

    #“可迭代的”指的是支持iter的一个对象,而“迭代器”指的是iter所返回的一个支持next(I)的对象
    #“可迭代对象”是序列观念的通用化,如果对象是实际保存的序列,或者可以在迭代工具环境中(例如 for循环)一次产生一个结果的对象,就看做是可迭代的
    from functools import partial
    RECORD_SIZE = 32
    with open('data.bin', 'rb') as f:
        records = iter(partial(f.read, RECORD_SIZE), b'')
        for r in records:
            print(r)
    #偏函数:把一个函数的某些参数固定住(也就是设置默认值),返回一个新函数
    #输出:
    #b' 0 5412 N CLARK'
    #b' 3 5148 N CLARK'

      for循环的执行过程

    #for作用在可迭代对象上,首先启用对象的迭代器,然后每次循环自动调用迭代器对象的next()方法产生一个值
    #注意:文件对象、生成器函数、生成器表达式都是自身的迭代器
    L = [1, 2, 3]
    for x in L:
        print x
    #执行过程
    I = iter(L)
    I.next()  #1
    I.next()  #2
    I.next()  #3
    I.next()  #迭代结束产生异常
    Traceback(most recent call last):
    StopIteration
    
    #手动迭代变化如下:
    I = iter(L)
    while True:
        try:
            X = next(I)
        except StopIteration:
            break    

      生成器表达式

    >>> mygenerator = (x*x for x in range(3))   #生成器表达式
    >>> mygenerator
    <generator object at 0x011DC648>        #生成器迭代对象
    #先产生生成器mygenerator,虽然为0/1/4,但不是一次性产生,而是每执行一次for循环产生一个值
    >>> for i in mygenerator :
    ...    print(i)  #0  1  4
    #注意生成器是括号()不是[],生成器每次生成一个值
    #for循环作用在可迭代对象上,首先生成可迭代对象的迭代器“iterator”,再调用迭代器的“next”方法获取容器的一个值

      生成器函数yield

    #Python延迟生成技术,yield每次返回一个结果,在每个结果之间挂起和继续它们的状态,生成器函数自动在生成值的时刻挂起并继续函数的执行
    #当调用yiel时,返回一个可迭代对象,该对象支持__next__()方法,迭代完成引发StopIteration异常
    def fab(max): 
        n, a, b = 0, 0, 1 
        while n < max: 
            yield b 
            a, b = b, a + b 
            n = n + 1
     
    for n in fab(5): 
        print n
    #输出:1  1  2  3  5
    
    #或者使用迭代器
    >> f = fab(5)
    >> f.next  #1
    >> f.next  #1
    >> f.next  #2

      生成器函数 & 生成器表达式都是自身的迭代器

    >>>G = (c*4 for c in 'SPAM')
    >>>iter(G) is G
    True

    10、类

    #属性赋值
    x.data = "New value"
    #增加属性
    x.anothername = "spam"
    
    #覆盖超类方法,即重载
    class SecondClass(FirstClass):
      #重载构造函数
      def __init__(self, name, pay):
        FistClass.__init__(self, name, 'mgr', pay)
        def display(self):
        #运算符重载,使之更像内置类型运算
        def __add__(self, other):
            return SecondClass(self.data + other)
      def __str__(self):
        return '[Person: %s, %s]' %(self.name, self.pay)
    
    #多态发生在继承类,执行子类还是超类的geveRaise,取决于实例
    for object in (bob, sue, tom):
        object.geveRaise(.10)
        print (object)  #显示object's __ str__

    11、JSON

    import json
    data = { 'name' : 'ACME',
                'shares' : 100,
                'price' : 542.3}
    #python->json
    json_str = json.dumps(data)
    #json->python
    data = json.loads(json_str)
    
    #序列化JSON
    with open('data.json',  'w') as f:
        json.dump(data, f)

     WEB流

    form urlib.request import urlopen
    import json
    import pprint
    u = urlopen('http://kitking01.eicp.net')
    rep = json.loads(u.read().decode('utf-8'))
    #pprint打印JSON数据格式
    pprint(resp)

    12、赋值生成引用,而不是拷贝

    L1 = [2, 3, 4]
    L2 = L1[:]#或者 L2 = copy(L1)
    L3 = L1
    #传值拷贝、避免参数修改
    change(X, L1[:])

    13、字串比较

    x = 'killer'
    if x == 'roger':
        print ("what's up?")
    #数字<->字串相互转换
    int("42"); str(42)

    14、内置类型及函数

    #字典操作
    D.keys()
    D.values()
    D.items()
    #
    提取键转换到列表,并排序 D = {} Ks = list(D.keys()) Ks.sort()
    #测试键是否存在
    if not 'f' in D:
      print('missing')

    #
    x = set(); y = set()
    x-y; x|y; x&y; x^y

    range(); zip(); map()

    15、帮助文档

    dir(str)
    help(str.replace)

     16、调试

    pdb、PyChecker、Pylint
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jiangzhaowei/p/9278596.html
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