• request

    1、GET请求

    # 1、无参数实例
      
    import requests
      
    ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
      
    print ret.url
    print ret.text
      
      
      
    # 2、有参数实例
      
    import requests
      
    payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
      
    print ret.url
    print ret.text

    2、POST请求

    # 1、基本POST实例
      
    import requests
      
    payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
      
    print ret.text
      
      
    # 2、发送请求头和数据实例
      
    import requests
    import json
      
    url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
    payload = {'some': 'data'}
    headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
      
    ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
      
    print ret.text
    print ret.cookies
     

    3、其他请求

    requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
    requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
    requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
    requests.head(url, **kwargs)
    requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
    requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
    requests.options(url, **kwargs)
      
    # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
    requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
    4、更多参数

    def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
    ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
    or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
    defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
    to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
    before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
    timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

    >>> import requests
    >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
    <Response [200]>
    """

      1 def param_method_url():
  2     # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  3     # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  4     pass
  5 
  6 
  7 def param_param():
  8     # - 可以是字典
  9     # - 可以是字符串
 10     # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
 11 
 12     # requests.request(method='get',
 13     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 14     # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 15 
 16     # requests.request(method='get',
 17     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 18     # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
 19 
 20     # requests.request(method='get',
 21     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 22     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
 23 
 24     # 错误
 25     # requests.request(method='get',
 26     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 27     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
 28     pass
 29 
 30 
 31 def param_data():
 32     # 可以是字典
 33     # 可以是字符串
 34     # 可以是字节
 35     # 可以是文件对象
 36 
 37     # requests.request(method='POST',
 38     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 39     # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 40 
 41     # requests.request(method='POST',
 42     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 43     # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
 44     # )
 45 
 46     # requests.request(method='POST',
 47     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 48     # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
 49     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 50     # )
 51 
 52     # requests.request(method='POST',
 53     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 54     # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
 55     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 56     # )
 57     pass
 58 
 59 
 60 def param_json():
 61     # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
 62     # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
 63     requests.request(method='POST',
 64                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 65                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
 66 
 67 
 68 def param_headers():
 69     # 发送请求头到服务器端
 70     requests.request(method='POST',
 71                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 72                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
 73                      headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
 74                      )
 75 
 76 
 77 def param_cookies():
 78     # 发送Cookie到服务器端
 79     requests.request(method='POST',
 80                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 81                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
 82                      cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
 83                      )
 84     # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
 85     from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
 86     from http.cookiejar import Cookie
 87 
 88     obj = CookieJar()
 89     obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
 90                           discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
 91                           port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
 92                    )
 93     requests.request(method='POST',
 94                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 95                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
 96                      cookies=obj)
 97 
 98 
 99 def param_files():
100     # 发送文件
101     # file_dict = {
102     # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
103     # }
104     # requests.request(method='POST',
105     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
106     # files=file_dict)
107 
108     # 发送文件，定制文件名
109     # file_dict = {
110     # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
111     # }
112     # requests.request(method='POST',
113     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
114     # files=file_dict)
115 
116     # 发送文件，定制文件名
117     # file_dict = {
118     # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
119     # }
120     # requests.request(method='POST',
121     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
122     # files=file_dict)
123 
124     # 发送文件，定制文件名
125     # file_dict = {
126     #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
127     # }
128     # requests.request(method='POST',
129     #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
130     #                  files=file_dict)
131 
132     pass
133 
134 
135 def param_auth():
136     from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
137 
138     ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
139     print(ret.text)
140 
141     # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
142     # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
143     # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
144     # print(ret.text)
145 
146     # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
147     # print(ret)
148     #
149 
150 
151 def param_timeout():
152     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
153     # print(ret)
154 
155     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
156     # print(ret)
157     pass
158 
159 
160 def param_allow_redirects():
161     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
162     print(ret.text)
163 
164 
165 def param_proxies():
166     # proxies = {
167     # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
168     # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
169     # }
170 
171     # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
172 
173     # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
174     # print(ret.headers)
175 
176 
177     # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
178     #
179     # proxyDict = {
180     # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
181     # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
182     # }
183     # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
184     #
185     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
186     # print(r.text)
187 
188     pass
189 
190 
191 def param_stream():
192     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
193     print(ret.content)
194     ret.close()
195 
196     # from contextlib import closing
197     # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
198     # # 在此处理响应。
199     # for i in r.iter_content():
200     # print(i)
201 
202 
203 def requests_session():
204     import requests
205 
206     session = requests.Session()
207 
208     ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
209 
210     i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
211 
212     ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
213     i2 = session.post(
214         url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
215         data={
216             'phone': "8615131255089",
217             'password': "xxxxxx",
218             'oneMonth': ""
219         }
220     )
221 
222     i3 = session.post(
223         url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
224     )
225     print(i3.text)
226 
227 参数示例
    View Code

    "自动登陆"示例

     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import requests
 4 
 5 
 6 # ############## 方式一 ##############
 7 """
 8 # ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
 9 i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
10 i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
11 
12 # ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
13 i2 = requests.post(
14     url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
15     data={
16         'phone': "8615131255089",
17         'password': "xxooxxoo",
18         'oneMonth': ""
19     },
20     cookies=i1_cookies
21 )
22 
23 # ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）
24 gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
25 i3 = requests.post(
26     url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
27     cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
28 )
29 
30 print(i3.text)
31 """
32 
33 
34 # ############## 方式二 ##############
35 """
36 import requests
37 
38 session = requests.Session()
39 i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
40 i2 = session.post(
41     url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
42     data={
43         'phone': "8615131255089",
44         'password': "xxooxxoo",
45         'oneMonth': ""
46     }
47 )
48 i3 = session.post(
49     url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
50 )
51 print(i3.text)
52 
53 """
54 
55 抽屉新热榜
    抽屉
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 
 4 import requests
 5 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 6 
 7 # ############## 方式一 ##############
 8 #
 9 # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
10 # i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')
11 # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
12 # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
13 # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
14 # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
15 # i1.close()
16 #
17 # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
18 # form_data = {
19 # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
20 #     "utf8": "",
21 #     "commit": "Sign in",
22 #     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
23 #     'password': 'xxoo'
24 # }
25 #
26 # i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)
27 # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
28 # c1.update(c2)
29 # i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)
30 #
31 # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
32 # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
33 #
34 # from bs4.element import Tag
35 #
36 # for child in list_group.children:
37 #     if isinstance(child, Tag):
38 #         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
39 #         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
40 #         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
41 #         print(temp)
42 
43 
44 
45 # ############## 方式二 ##############
46 # session = requests.Session()
47 # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
48 # i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')
49 # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
50 # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
51 # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
52 # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
53 # i1.close()
54 #
55 # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
56 # form_data = {
57 #     "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
58 #     "utf8": "",
59 #     "commit": "Sign in",
60 #     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
61 #     'password': 'xxoo'
62 # }
63 #
64 # i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)
65 # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
66 # c1.update(c2)
67 # i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')
68 #
69 # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
70 # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
71 #
72 # from bs4.element import Tag
73 #
74 # for child in list_group.children:
75 #     if isinstance(child, Tag):
76 #         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
77 #         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
78 #         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
79 #         print(temp)
80 
81 github
    github
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import time
 4 
 5 import requests
 6 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 7 
 8 session = requests.Session()
 9 
10 i1 = session.get(
11     url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
12     headers={
13         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
14     }
15 )
16 
17 soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
18 xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
19 xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')
20 
21 current_time = time.time()
22 i2 = session.get(
23     url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
24     params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
25     headers={
26         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
27     })
28 
29 with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
30     f.write(i2.content)
31 
32 captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')
33 form_data = {
34     "_xsrf": xsrf,
35     'password': 'xxooxxoo',
36     "captcha": 'captcha',
37     'email': '424662508@qq.com'
38 }
39 i3 = session.post(
40     url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
41     data=form_data,
42     headers={
43         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
44     }
45 )
46 
47 i4 = session.get(
48     url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
49     headers={
50         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
51     }
52 )
53 
54 soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
55 tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
56 nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
57 print(nick_name)
58 
59 知乎
    知乎
     1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import re
 4 import json
 5 import base64
 6 
 7 import rsa
 8 import requests
 9 
10 
11 def js_encrypt(text):
12     b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
13     der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
14 
15     pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
16     v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
17     value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'
', b'')
18     value = value.decode('utf8')
19 
20     return value
21 
22 
23 session = requests.Session()
24 
25 i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
26 rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
27 v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
28 verification_token = v.group(1)
29 
30 form_data = {
31     'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
32     'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
33     'remember': False
34 }
35 
36 i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
37                   data=json.dumps(form_data),
38                   headers={
39                       'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
40                       'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
41                       'VerificationToken': verification_token}
42                   )
43 
44 i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')
45 
46 print(i3.text)
47 
48 博客园
    cnblogs
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/jcwit/p/7784309.html
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