一直没有好好关注这个功能，昨天看了一下，数据库插入有瓶颈，今天研究了一下：
主要有以下方案：
1.使用copy从文件导入：
copy table_001(a, b, "f", d, c, "e") from 'd:/data1.txt' (delimiter ',');
速度极快：
不带索引：
查询成功: 共计 69971 行受到影响，耗时: 4351 毫秒(ms)。
查询成功: 共计 69971 行受到影响，耗时: 4971 毫秒(ms)。
带索引：
查询成功: 共计 69971 行受到影响，耗时: 15582 毫秒(ms)。
查询成功: 共计 69971 行受到影响，耗时: 12833 毫秒(ms)。
需要做的就是定时生成临时数据文件，并不断的切换，清除。
2. 使用multi-insert格式的sql
类似： insert into test values('asd', 'adewf', 12),('asd2', 'adewf2', 12);
目前采用此方案，改动不大，只是修改了一下 sql 的格式，目前满足要求（大约25万条记录每分钟，合4200每秒），所以暂时采用它。
3. 关闭自动提交，使用insert或者multi-insert格式sql，插入大量数据
目前未测试，不过此方案效果具网上介绍应该也不错的。
4. 采用临时表
这个方案备选，临时表为了加快速度，应该不加任何索引与日志，数据稳定后再加索引与限制，压缩数据，进行vacuum 等数据优化，这需要与分表结合使用比较好。
5. 调整数据库参数，这个是提高数据库整体性能的
网上介绍这几个优化参数：shared_buffers、work_mem、effective_cache_size、maintence_work_mem
这些可以配置起来使用，详细请参考 postgresql-9.2-A4.pdf 中的 Chapter 14. Performance Tips。
One might need to insert a large amount of data when first populating a database. This section contains
some suggestions on how to make this process as efficient as possible.
14.4.1. Disable Autocommit
When using multiple INSERTs, turn off autocommit and just do one commit at the end. (In plain
SQL, this means issuing BEGIN at the start and COMMIT at the end. Some client libraries might do this
behind your back, in which case you need to make sure the library does it when you want it done.) If
you allow each insertion to be committed separately, PostgreSQL is doing a lot of work for each row
that is added. An additional benefit of doing all insertions in one transaction is that if the insertion of
one row were to fail then the insertion of all rows inserted up to that point would be rolled back, so
you won’t be stuck with partially loaded data.
14.4.2. Use COPY
Use COPY to load all the rows in one command, instead of using a series of INSERT commands. The
COPY command is optimized for loading large numbers of rows; it is less flexible than INSERT, but
incurs significantly less overhead for large data loads. Since COPY is a single command, there is no
need to disable autocommit if you use this method to populate a table.
If you cannot use COPY, it might help to use PREPARE to create a prepared INSERT statement, and
then use EXECUTE as many times as required. This avoids some of the overhead of repeatedly parsing
and planning INSERT. Different interfaces provide this facility in different ways; look for “prepared
statements” in the interface documentation.
Note that loading a large number of rows using COPY is almost always faster than using INSERT, even
if PREPARE is used and multiple insertions are batched into a single transaction.
COPY is fastest when used within the same transaction as an earlier CREATE TABLE or TRUNCATE
command. In such cases no WAL needs to be written, because in case of an error, the files containing the newly loaded data will be removed anyway. However, this consideration only applies when
wal_level is minimal as all commands must write WAL otherwise.
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14.4.3. Remove Indexes
If you are loading a freshly created table, the fastest method is to create the table, bulk load the table’s
data using COPY, then create any indexes needed for the table. Creating an index on pre-existing data
is quicker than updating it incrementally as each row is loaded.
If you are adding large amounts of data to an existing table, it might be a win to drop the indexes,
load the table, and then recreate the indexes. Of course, the database performance for other users
might suffer during the time the indexes are missing. One should also think twice before dropping a
unique index, since the error checking afforded by the unique constraint will be lost while the index
is missing.
14.4.4. Remove Foreign Key Constraints
Just as with indexes, a foreign key constraint can be checked “in bulk” more efficiently than row-byrow. So it might be useful to drop foreign key constraints, load data, and re-create the constraints.
Again, there is a trade-off between data load speed and loss of error checking while the constraint is
missing.
What’s more, when you load data into a table with existing foreign key constraints, each new row
requires an entry in the server’s list of pending trigger events (since it is the firing of a trigger that
checks the row’s foreign key constraint). Loading many millions of rows can cause the trigger event
queue to overflow available memory, leading to intolerable swapping or even outright failure of the
command. Therefore it may be necessary, not just desirable, to drop and re-apply foreign keys when
loading large amounts of data. If temporarily removing the constraint isn’t acceptable, the only other
recourse may be to split up the load operation into smaller transactions.
14.4.5. Increase maintenance_work_mem
Temporarily increasing the maintenance_work_mem configuration variable when loading large
amounts of data can lead to improved performance. This will help to speed up CREATE INDEX
commands and ALTER TABLE ADD FOREIGN KEY commands. It won’t do much for COPY itself, so
this advice is only useful when you are using one or both of the above techniques.
14.4.6. Increase checkpoint_segments
Temporarily increasing the checkpoint_segments configuration variable can also make large data
loads faster. This is because loading a large amount of data into PostgreSQL will cause checkpoints
to occur more often than the normal checkpoint frequency (specified by the checkpoint_timeout
configuration variable). Whenever a checkpoint occurs, all dirty pages must be flushed to disk. By
increasing checkpoint_segments temporarily during bulk data loads, the number of checkpoints
that are required can be reduced.
14.4.7. Disable WAL Archival and Streaming Replication
When loading large amounts of data into an installation that uses WAL archiving or streaming replication, it might be faster to take a new base backup after the load has completed than to process
a large amount of incremental WAL data. To prevent incremental WAL logging while loading, disable archiving and streaming replication, by setting wal_level to minimal, archive_mode to off, and
max_wal_senders to zero. But note that changing these settings requires a server restart.
Aside from avoiding the time for the archiver or WAL sender to process the WAL data, doing this
will actually make certain commands faster, because they are designed not to write WAL at all if
wal_level is minimal. (They can guarantee crash safety more cheaply by doing an fsync at the
end than by writing WAL.) This applies to the following commands:
• CREATE TABLE AS SELECT
• CREATE INDEX (and variants such as ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY)
• ALTER TABLE SET TABLESPACE
• CLUSTER
• COPY FROM, when the target table has been created or truncated earlier in the same transaction
14.4.8. Run ANALYZE Afterwards
Whenever you have significantly altered the distribution of data within a table, running ANALYZE
is strongly recommended. This includes bulk loading large amounts of data into the table. Running
ANALYZE (or VACUUM ANALYZE) ensures that the planner has up-to-date statistics about the table.
With no statistics or obsolete statistics, the planner might make poor decisions during query planning,
leading to poor performance on any tables with inaccurate or nonexistent statistics. Note that if the
autovacuum daemon is enabled, it might run ANALYZE automatically; see Section 23.1.3 and Section
23.1.6 for more information.