• 面向对象


    一.python面向对象之__slots__

    1.为对象和实例添加属性/方法:

    python是一种动态编程语言,可以动态为类和实例添加属性.

    定义类:

    class Dog:
        pass

    定义一个方法:

    def get_name(self):
        return self.__name

    给类动态添加属性和方法:

    Dog.__name = 'tiger'
    Dog.get_name = get_name
    

      

    #调用
    dog = Dog()
    print(dog.get_name())
    

      

    输出:
    tiger

    给实例添加属性和方法:

    from types import MethodType
    dog = Dog()
    dog.__name = 'tiger'
    dog.get_name = MethodType(get_name, dog)
    
    print(dog.get_name())
    

      

    输出:

    tiger

    2.如果要限制添加的属性怎么办?使用__slots__

    示例:

    class Dog:
        __slots__ = ('get_name', 'name')
    
    def get_name(self):
        return self.name
    

      

    仅允许为Dog类和实例动态添加get_name和name属性,添加其他属性引发AttributeError错误

    dog = Dog()
    dog.name = 'tiger'
    dog.age = 10
    dog.get_name = MethodType(get_name, dog)
    
    print(dog.get_name())
    

      

    输出:
    AttributeError: 'Dog' object has no attribute 'name'

    注意:__slots__不会对继承不起作用,仅对当前类和示例起作用.

    二.python面向对象之@property

    Python内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用

    示例:

    class Dog:
        def __init__(self):
            self.__age = 0
    
        @property
        def age(self):
            return self.__age
    
        @age.setter
        def age(self, val):
            self.__age = val
    
    dog = Dog()
    dog.age = 10
    print(dog.age)
    

      

    三.定制类

    python为类提供了一些内置属性,可以方便的对类进行定制

    1.__str__和__repr__:

    __str__:是打印示例输出的内容
    __repr__:是在交互命令下输出的实例内容

    示例:

    class Dog:
        def __str__(self):
            return 'class Dog'
        
        # 直接将__str__属性复制给__repr__
        __repr__ = __str__
    
    dog = Dog()
    print(dog)
    

      

    2.__iter__和__next__:

    让类可以被迭代

    示例代码:

    class Dog:
        def __init__(self):
            self.__max = 10
            self.__index = 0
        def __iter__(self):
            return self
        def __next__(self):
            if self.__index > 10:
                raise StopIteration()
            tmp = self.__index
            self.__index += 1
            return tmp
    
    dogs = Dog()
    
    for dog in dogs:
        print(dog)
    

      

    输出:

    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    

      

    3.__getitem__:

    让类可以像list一样取下标和切片

    取下标示例代码:

    class Dog:
        def __init__(self):
            self.__list = range(10)
        def __getitem__(self, index):
            if index >= len(self.__list):
                raise IndexError()
            return self.__list[index]
    
    dogs = Dog()
    print(dogs[1])
    

      

    输出:
    1

    既可以取下标又可以切片示例代码:

    class Dog:
        def __init__(self):
            self.__list = range(10)
        def __getitem__(self, index):
            if isinstance(index, int):
                if index >= len(self.__list):
                    raise IndexError()
                return self.__list[index]
            if isinstance(index, slice):
                return list(self.__list)[index.start:index.stop]
    
    dogs = Dog()
    print(dogs[1:5])
    

      

    输出:
    [1, 2, 3, 4]

    4.__getattr__和__setattr__:

    __getattr__:但读取属性时,如果不存在则调用
    __setattr__:但设置属性时,如果不存在则调用

    示例代码:

    class Dog(dict):
        def __init__(self):
            self.__name = 'dog'
    
        def __getattr__(self, item):
            return self[item]
    
        def __setattr__(self, key, value):
            self[key] = value
    
    dog = Dog()
    dog.age = 10
    dog.sex = 1
    
    print(dog.age, dog.sex)
    

      

    REST API路径示例:

    class Chain:
        def __init__(self, path=''):
            self.__path = path
        def __getattr__(self, item):
            return Chain('%s/%s' % (self.__path, item))
        def __str__(self):
            return self.__path
    
    
    path = Chain().v1.api.status
    print(path)
    

      


    输出:
    /v1/api/status

    5.__call__

    将实例作为函数调用
    callable可以判断对象是否可以作为函数调用

    示例代码:

    class Dog:
        def __call__(self, name):
            print('dog是一条狗,from-%s' % name)
    
    dog = Dog()
    if callable(dog):
        dog('dahuang')
    else:
        print('not call')
    

      

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/itfenqing/p/10253478.html
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