中间件的概念
中间件是介于request和response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎使用,用不好会影响到性能。
如果你想修改请求,例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象,或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象,这些都可以通过中间件来实现
Django默认的Middleware
自定义中间件
中间件一共有5个方法
process_request
process_view
process_exception
process_response
process_render_template
process_request,process_response
当用户发起请求时会依次经过所有的中间件,这个时候的请求process_request,最后到达views的函数中,views函数处理后,再依次穿过中间件,这个时候是process_response,最后返回给请求者
我们可以自己定义一个中间件,并在setting.py中进行相应配置
Mymiddleware.py
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_reqeust(self,request): print('Md1请求') def process_response(self,request,response): print('Md1返回') return response class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_reqeust(self, request): print('Md2请求') #return HttpResponse('Md2中断') def process_response(self, request, response): print('Md2返回') return response
views
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse # Create your views here. def index(request): print('views') return HttpResponse('views')
结果
如果当请求到达请求2的时候直接不符合条件返回,即return Httpresponse(‘Md2中断’),程序把请求直接发给中间件2返回,然后依次返回到请求者
process_view
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print('Md1请求') def process_response(self,request,response): print('Md1返回') return response def process_view(self,request,callback,callback_args,callback_kwargs): print("Md1view") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self, request): print('Md2请求') #return HttpResponse('Md2中断') def process_response(self, request, response): print('Md2返回') return response def process_view(self,request,callback,callback_args,callback_kwargs): print("Md2view")
结果如下
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md1view
Md2view
views
Md2返回
Md1返回
过程如图
当最后一个中间的process_request到达路由关系映射之后,返回到中间件1的process_view,然后依次往下,到达view函数,最后通过process_response依次返回到达用户
process_view可以用来调用视图函数
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print('Md1请求') def process_response(self,request,response): print('Md1返回') return response def process_view(self,request,callback,callback_args,callback_kwargs): # print("Md1view") response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) return response
结果如下
Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
如果process_view有返回值,会越过其他的process_view以及视图函数,但是所有的process_response都还会执行
process_exception
process_exception(self,request,exception):如果程序出现异常,则依次调用process_exception方法
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) # return response print("md1 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求") # return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("md2 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...")
结果如下
Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
process_render_template
如果views函数使用render返回,则依次调用process_render_template方法