Python 流程控制条件 if
if ... elif ... else
if语句
if expression: #expression 关键字
statement(s)
注:python 使用缩进作为其语句分组的方法,建议使用4个空格
#!/usr/bin/python
if 1: #1 为 True, 0为 False, None 也是false
print "hello python"
not 即为非
1 > 2 是不成立的false ,前面加了not ,结果就变成了true
if 条件:
command #条件为true,执行这个command
elif 条件:
command #当上面的条件不成立,这条成立,即执行这条command
else :
command #条件为false ,执行这个command
字符串 > 数字
将字符串变为数值 init('3')
#!/usr/bin/python
while True:
suma = int(raw_input("please input the number :"))
if suma >= 90:
print "A"
elif suma >= 80:
print "B"
elif suma >= 60:
print "C"
elif suma == -1:
break
else :
print "D"
print "END"
if else
逻辑值(bool)包含了两个值:
Ture: 表示非空的量(比如: string,tuple,list, set , dictonary),所以非零数
Fals: 表示0,None ,空的量 等。
a.lower() 全小写
a.upper() 全大写
In : a = 'abcd'
In : a.upper()
Out: 'ABCD'
In : a = 'ABCD'
In : a.lower()
Out: 'abcd'
python 流程控制循环 for
循环
循环是一个结构,导致程序要重复一定的次数
条件循环也是如此,当条件变为假,循环结束
for 循环:
在序列里,使用for 循环遍历
语法:
for iterating_var in sequence:
statement(s)
range() 返回一个真实的列表,可以用来做for循环的遍历
In : range(10)
Out: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In : range(1,11,1)
Out: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
In : range(1,11,2)
Out: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
In : range(1,11,3)
Out: [1, 4, 7, 10]
In : range(1,11,4)
Out: [1, 5, 9]
In : range(1,11,5)
Out: [1, 6]
查看帮助信息
help(range)
range(...)
range(stop) -> list of integers
range(start, stop[, step]) -> list of integers
Return a list containing an arithmetic progression of integers.
range(i, j) returns [i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1]; start (!) defaults to 0.
When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
For example, range(4) returns [0, 1, 2, 3]. The end point is omitted!
These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
取偶数print [i for i in range(1, 11) if i % 2 ==0]
#列表重写
for i in range(1, 11):
if i % 2 ==0:
print i
将奇数乘方2print [i**2 for i in range(1,11) if i % 2 != 0]
for i in range(1,11):
if i % 2 != 0: #取奇数
print i**2 #乘方
In : print [i for i in range(1,11) if i % 2 == 0]
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
In : print [i**2 for i in range(1,11) if i % 2 == 0]
[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]
In : for i in range(1,11):
....: if i %2 ==0:
....: print i**2
....:
4
16
36
64
100
In : print [i for i in range(1,11) if i % 2 == 0]
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
In : for i in range(1,11):
....: if i % 2 != 0:
....: print i**2
....:
1
9
25
49
81
写法不同结果相同sum = sum + i == sum += i
In : sum = 0
In : for i in range(1,11):
....: sum = sum + i
....: print sum
....:
55
In : sum = 0
In : for i in range(1,11):
....: sum += i
....: print sum
....:
55
xrange() 返回的是一个对象 object ,只用在for 循环使用时才能正常输出列表值
class xrange(object)
| xrange(stop) -> xrange object
| xrange(start, stop[, step]) -> xrange object
|
| Like range(), but instead of returning a list, returns an object that
| generates the numbers in the range on demand. For looping, this is
| slightly faster than range() and more memory efficient.
只用在for 循环使用时才能正常输出列表值
In : xrange(1,11)
Out: xrange(1, 11)
In : a = xrange(1,11)
In : type (a)
Out: xrange
In : print a
xrange(1, 11)
In : for i in a:
....: print i
....:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
In : for i in a:
.....: print i, #加逗号,去掉换行符
.....:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
for 遍历字典
迭代遍历
遍历序列:将序列中各个元素取出来
直接从序列取值
通过索引来取值
注: "迭代" 指重复执行一个指令。
乘方口诀表 输出方式
#!/usr/bin/python
for i in xrange(1,10): #行数定义 1-9
for x in xrange(1,i+1): #列数定义,要行数+1
print "%sx%s=%s" % (i, x, i*x), #加逗号, 将换行变成一行输出
print #默认为换行
执行结果:
[root@hc python]# python for1.py
1x1=1
2x1=2 2x2=4
3x1=3 3x2=6 3x3=9
4x1=4 4x2=8 4x3=12 4x4=16
5x1=5 5x2=10 5x3=15 5x4=20 5x5=25
6x1=6 6x2=12 6x3=18 6x4=24 6x5=30 6x6=36
7x1=7 7x2=14 7x3=21 7x4=28 7x5=35 7x6=42 7x7=49
8x1=8 8x2=16 8x3=24 8x4=32 8x5=40 8x6=48 8x7=56 8x8=64
9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 9x4=36 9x5=45 9x6=54 9x7=63 9x8=72 9x9=81
iteritems() 返回一个对象object
help(a.iteritems)
iteritems(...)
D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D
定义一个字典
In : dic.fromkeys('abcd',10)
Out: {'a': 10, 'b': 10, 'c': 10, 'd': 10}
赋值给a ,输出一个字典
In : a = dic.fromkeys('abcd',10)
In : a
Out: {'a': 10, 'b': 10, 'c': 10, 'd': 10}
for 循环去遍历字典里的key值
In : for i in a:
....: print i
....:
a
c
b
d
for 循环去遍历字典里的key 和value 值 ,这里用到了索引查value值
In : for i in a:
print i, a[i]
....:
a 10
c 10
b 10
d 10
格式化输出
In : for i in a:
print "%s --> %s" % ( i, a[i])
....:
a --> 10
c --> 10
b --> 10
d --> 10
逗号抑制它自动换号
In : for i in a:
print "%s --> %s" % ( i, a[i]),
....:
a --> 10 c --> 10 b --> 10 d --> 10
将字典换成列表+元组
In : a.items()
Out: [('a', 10), ('c', 10), ('b', 10), ('d', 10)]
列表和元组,for循环去遍历出 key和value
In : for k, v in a.items():
....: print k, v
....:
a 10
c 10
b 10
d 10
将列表里的元组,for循环遍历出来独立的元组
In : for i in a.items():
....: print i
....:
('a', 10)
('c', 10)
('b', 10)
('d', 10)
使用 iteritems() 其输出是一个object
In : for k, v in a.iteritems():
print k, v
....:
a 10
c 10
b 10
d 10
循环退出
循环退出有以下几项
else :for正常结束才会执行后面代码
break :跳出该循环
continue :当满足条件时,跳过当前,继续执行循环
pass : 相当于站位,不做动作
sys.exit() : exit 立即结束。sys方法必须加载import sys
for 循环的 else
for 循环如果正常结束,才会执行else
import sys #要使用exit(),所以要加载模块
import time
for i in range(10):
if i == 8:
sys.exit()
if i == 6:
pass
if i == 7:
continue
time.sleep(1)
if i == 5:
break
else: #正常结束才可以执行这条
print "END"
任务
系统生成一个20以内的随机整数。
玩家有6次机会进行猜猜看,每次猜测都有反馈(大了,小了,对了,结束)
6次中,猜对了,玩家赢了。
否则系统赢了
随机模块
import random
加载模块
random.randint(1,20)
使用
代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python
import random
num = random.randint(1,20)
print ("OK, play my game")
for i in range(1,7):
a = input("please input the number :")
if a >= 1 and a <= 20:
if num > a:
print ("input the number is small !")
print ("keep trying !"), i
elif num < a:
print ("input the number is big ! ")
print ("keep trying !"), i
elif num == a:
print ("Congratulations ! you win ! input the number is True !")
print ("the system num is "),num
break
else :
print "please input the number within 20 !"
if i == 6:
print ("game is over ,you loss! the number is "),num
输出结果
[root@hc python]# python test1.py
OK, play my game
please input the number :3
input the number is small !
keep trying ! 1
please input the number :3
input the number is small !
keep trying ! 2
please input the number :3
input the number is small !
keep trying ! 3
please input the number :3
input the number is small !
keep trying ! 4
please input the number :3
input the number is small !
keep trying ! 5
please input the number :3
input the number is small !
keep trying ! 6
game is over ,you loss! the number is 8
[root@hc python]# python test1.py
OK, play my game
please input the number :10
input the number is big !
keep trying ! 1
please input the number :7
input the number is small !
keep trying ! 2
please input the number :8
Congratulations ! you win ! input the number is True !
the system num is 8
python 流程控制循环 while
while 和for 相比
for循环用在有次数的循环上。
while循环用在有条件的控制上。
while 循环,直到表达式变为 false ,才能退出
while 循环,表达式是一个逻辑表达式,必须返回一个true或者false
语法
while expression:
statement(s)
else: #当循环正常退出才会执行下面的内容
statement(s)
代码:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = ''
while a != 'q' :
a = raw_input("input the q for quit : ")
print "hello "
if not a:
break
if a == 'quit':
continue
print "continue"
else :
print "is ture quit!"
结果:
[root@hc python]# python while.py
input the q for quit :
hello
[root@hc python]# python while.py
input the q for quit : a
hello
continue
input the q for quit : b
hello
continue
input the q for quit : c
hello
continue
input the q for quit : quit
hello
input the q for quit : q
hello
continue
is ture quit!
python 访问文件 open and with open
open 打开文件,可以使用读写等命令
查看帮助
help(open)
open(...)
open(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object
Open a file using the file() type, returns a file object. This is the
preferred way to open a file. See file.__doc__ for further information.
open :
r : 以 读 方式打开 ,默认只读
w : 以 写 方式打开,如果该文件存在则会被覆盖
a : 以 追加 模式
r+ : 以 读写 模式打开
w+ : 以 读写 模式打开(参见w)
a+ : 以 读写 模式打开(参见a)
rb : 以 二进制 读模式打开
wb : 以 二进制 写模式打开(参见w)
ab : 以 二进制 追加模式打开(参见a)
rb+ : 以 二进制 读写模式打开(参见r+)
wb+ : 以 二进制 读写模式打开(参见w+)
ab+ : 以 二进制 读写模式打开(参见a+)
使用 open() 要注意 要打开就要有关闭。
open 打开
close 关闭
使用open
fd.read() #一个一个字符地读取,从文件头读到尾,全部读出
fd.readline() # 只读取一行
fd.readlines() #读多行,从头读到尾,返回列表
fd.next() #也是一行一行的读取
#!/usr/bin/python
fd = open("/tmp/123")
for i in fd.readlines(): #很占用资源
print i,
fd.close()
for i in fd: #这样用,因为fd已经是一个object了,当去for循环去遍历才一行行输出,这样会减少耗费CPU资源
print i
fd.close()
#!/usr/bin/python
fd = open("/tmp/123")
while True:
line = fd.readline()
if not line:
break
print line, #加逗号抑制print的换行符
fd.close()
with open
可以不用最后关闭文件 .close() 它自动关闭
使用:
with open("目录") as 变量:
#!/usr/bin/python
with open("/tmp/123") as fd: #注意with open的格式
while True:
line = fd.readline()
if not line:
break
print line,
和 with open 区别
#!/usr/bin/python
fd = open("/tmp/123")
while True:
line = fd.readline()
if not line:
break
print line,
fd.close()
他们两个的输出也一样!
[root@hc python]# python open.py
asd
123
333
zxc
aaa