参考资料:https://www.baeldung.com/java-optional
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/P2kb4fswb4MHfb0Vut_kZg
1. 描述
Optional是java.util包中的一部分,所以要有相关的引用:
import java.util.Optional;
2. 创建Optional方法
2.1 empty,创建一个空的Optional
@Test public void whenCreatesEmptyOptional_thenCorrect() { Optional<String> empty = Optional.empty(); assertFalse(empty.isPresent()); }
2.2 of,创建Optional,使用of方法时,传入不能为null,否则会报NullPointerException异常:
@Test public void givenNonNull_whenCreatesNonNullable_thenCorrect() { String name = "baeldung"; Optional<String> opt = Optional.of(name); assertTrue(opt.isPresent()); }
2.3 ofNullable,创建Optional,ofNullable方法是允许值为null的
@Test public void givenNonNull_whenCreatesNullable_thenCorrect() { String name = "baeldung"; Optional<String> opt = Optional.ofNullable(name); assertTrue(optionalName.isPresent()); }
3. 判断Optional的值
3.1 isPrensent,判断Optional是否有值,返回boolean类型,上面几个创建例子都用了isPresent,源码:
public boolean isPresent() {
return value != null;
}
3.2 ifPrensent,如果Optional有值,执行后面函数
@Test public void givenOptional_whenIfPresentWorks_thenCorrect() { Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("baeldung"); opt.ifPresent(name -> System.out.println(name.length())); }
如果在Optional为null的情况下,直接使用ifPresent有可能会报NullPointerException,所以就有了下面几个函数。
3.3 orElse和orElseGet,返回Optional包裹的值,如果值为null,则返回函数内的默认值,这两个方法的区别在于orElse后面跟默认值对象,orElseGet跟的是表达式函数。
@Test public void whenOrElseWorks_thenCorrect() { String nullName = null; String name = Optional.ofNullable(nullName).orElse("john"); assertEquals("john", name); } @Test public void whenOrElseGetWorks_thenCorrect() { String nullName = null; String name = Optional.ofNullable(nullName).orElseGet(() -> "john"); assertEquals("john", name); }
3.4 orElseThrow,返回Optional包裹的值,如果值为null,则抛出异常
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class) public void whenOrElseThrowWorks_thenCorrect() { String nullName = null; String name = Optional.ofNullable(nullName).orElseThrow(IllegalArgumentException::new); }
3.5 get,返回Optional包裹的值,如果值为null,会抛出NoSuchElementException异常
@Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class) public void givenOptionalWithNull_whenGetThrowsException_thenCorrect() { Optional<String> opt = Optional.ofNullable(null); String name = opt.get(); }
4. Optional值的操作
4.1 map,将一个值转换成另一个值,下面的例子是返回字符串的长度,没有则返回默认值0
@Test public void givenOptional_whenMapWorks_thenCorrect2() { String name = "baeldung"; Optional<String> nameOptional = Optional.of(name); int len = nameOptional.map(String::length).orElse(0); assertEquals(8, len); }
4.2 filter,用于过滤。接收一个函数式接口,当符合接口时,则返回一个Optional对象,否则返回一个空的Optional对象
@Test public void whenOptionalFilterWorks_thenCorrect() { Integer year = 2016; Optional<Integer> yearOptional = Optional.of(year); boolean is2016 = yearOptional.filter(y -> y == 2016).isPresent(); assertTrue(is2016); boolean is2017 = yearOptional.filter(y -> y == 2017).isPresent(); assertFalse(is2017); }
5. 与Lambda表达式结合使用,优化代码
5.1 条件为true就执行
优化前:
String person = "wo are you";
if(person != null){
System.out.println(person);
}
优化后:
Optional<String> optional = Optional.of("wo are you");
optional.ifPresent(System.out::println);
5.2 条件为true就返回,false返回默认值
优化前:
String person = "wo are you"; if(person != null){ System.out.println(person); } else { return DEFAULT_VALUE; }
优化后:
Optional<String> optional = Optional.of("wo are you"); return optional.orElse(DEFAULT_VALUE);
5.3 条件为true就返回,false调用函数生成
优化前:
String person = "wo are you"; if(person != null){ System.out.println(person); } else { return createPerson();
}
优化后:
Optional<String> optional = Optional.of("wo are you"); return optional.orElseGet(t -> createPerson());
5.4 连环null检查
优化前:
Person person = new Person("Tom"); if(person != null){ String name = person.getLastName(); if(name != null){ return name.toLowerCase(); } else { return null; } } else { return null; }
优化后:
Optional<Person> optional = Optional.ofNullable(new Person("Tom")); return optional.map(p -> p.getLastName()).map(name -> name.toUpperCase()).orElse(null);