以下大部分内容参考自
ros_by_example_hydro_volume_1.pdf
local costmap 是怎么生成的？跟三维点云有什么关系？
global costmap在没有全局地图下怎么办？
要实现标题所述功能：
需要配置local costmap和global costmap
在move_base里默认用到的costmap（这一点在论文：ROS Navigation: Concepts and Tutorial 3.6最后一段节有说到，而且说明了怎么配置layered costmap）
是monolithic costmap这个在论文：
Layered Costmaps for Context-Sensitive Navigation中有详细描述
layered costmap就是一层层不同地图重叠在一起
在论文：Layered Costmaps for Context-Sensitive Navigation里描述的很详细，主要是讲了layered costmap这么进行更新和每一层都是什么
包括：
其中master layer是aggregate layer where path planning occurs
对于local costmap， 如voxel layer就是其中一层，他可以判断比如一个桌子，激光会扫到桌子腿，认为可以过去，但是机器人还是会碰到桌子，因为激光扫不到桌面，
这个例子是在讲voxel grid论文里看到的：
The Office Marathon:Robust Navigation in an Indoor Office Environment
然后在layered costmap update时就会在master上三维向二维投影出桌面，让机器人不走这条路径。
local costmap和global costmap采用地图方式不一样
global costmap采用静态地图（通过slam产生的），这里只是涉及避障所以可以将静态地图设置为空白地图，将地图世界坐标/map和定位采用的坐标系tf通过static_transform固定在一起这个可以看
http://www.cnblogs.com/hong2016/p/6831484.html
如果之后要采用静态地图再修改
http://www.cnblogs.com/hong2016/p/6831484.html
中讲到的llaunch file就好了
<node name="map_server" pkg="map_server" type="map_server" args="$(find pioneer_zed)/maps/blank_map.yaml" />
下面这段话摘自ros bt example volume1 8.2 Testing move_base in the ArbotiX Simulator 第二段
Finally, since we are using a blank map and our simulated robot has no sensors, the robot cannot use scan data for localization. Instead, we simply set a static identity
transform to tie the robot's odometry frame to the map frame which essentially assumesthat the odometry is perfect.
local costmap不采用静态地图而是采用rolling window
http://answers.ros.org/question/10482/navigation-without-map/
you're right - I figured that out, this thread is a bit outdated. As for your question - the normal trend is to use rolling_window: true for local costmap since by definition that map is used for collision checking with the immediate robot.
For the tutorial, only the global costmap uses an a priori map, so the static_map parameter is set to true. The local costmap, however, only uses local sensor information to build an obstacle map, so static_map is set to false.
rolling window是
http://answers.ros.org/question/223880/what-is-rolling-window-used-for/
"Rolling window" means that you do not use the costmap to represent your complete environment, but only to represent your local surroundings (e.g. 5m x 5m around your robot). The costmap will then move along with your robot and will be updated by incoming sensor data.
http://answers.ros.org/question/39858/costmap-static_map/
You have to make sure that you also set the size of the rolling window appropriately:
rolling_window: true
width: 15.0
height: 15.0
resolution: 0.05
origin_x: 0.0
origin_y: 0.0When using a static map, the width and height are determined using the loaded image. In a rolling window, you must manually specify these parameters for your robot. Just know that it places your robot in the center of the rolling window, so the robot can only see things that are height/2 meters away.