13.CrawlSpider类爬虫

1.CrawlSpider介绍

Scrapy框架中分两类爬虫，Spider类和CrawlSpider类。
此案例采用的是CrawlSpider类实现爬虫。

它是Spider的派生类，Spider类的设计原则是只爬取start_url列表中的网页，而CrawlSpider类定义了一些规则(rule)来提供跟进link的方便的机制，从爬取的网页中获取link并继续爬取的工作更适合。

创建项目指令：

scrapy startproject baidu

模版创建：

scrapy genspider -t crawl baidu 'tieba.baidu.com'

CrawlSpider继承于Spider类，除了继承过来的属性外（name、allow_domains），还提供了新的属性和方法:

LinkExtractors

class scrapy.linkextractors.LinkExtractor

Link Extractors 的目的很简单: 提取链接｡
每个LinkExtractor有唯一的公共方法是 extract_links()，它接收一个 Response 对象，并返回一个 scrapy.link.Link 对象。
Link Extractors要实例化一次，并且 extract_links 方法会根据不同的 response 调用多次提取链接｡

主要参数：
            allow：满足括号中“正则表达式”的值会被提取，如果为空，则全部匹配。
            deny：与这个正则表达式(或正则表达式列表)不匹配的URL一定不提取。
            allow_domains：会被提取的链接的domains。
            deny_domains：一定不会被提取链接的domains。            
            restrict_xpaths：使用xpath表达式，和allow共同作用过滤链接。

rules

在rules中包含一个或多个Rule对象，每个Rule对爬取网站的动作定义了特定操作。如果多个rule匹配了相同的链接，则根据规则在本集合中被定义的顺序，第一个会被使用。

参数介绍：
link_extractor：是一个Link Extractor对象，用于定义需要提取的链接

callback： 从link_extractor中每获取到链接时，参数所指定的值作为回调函数，该回调函数接受一个response作为其第一个参数。    
    注意：当编写爬虫规则时，避免使用parse作为回调函数。由于CrawlSpider使用parse方法来实现其逻辑，如果覆盖了 parse方法，crawl spider将会运行失败。    
    follow：是一个布尔(boolean)值，指定了根据该规则从response提取的链接是否需要跟进。 如果callback为None，follow 默认设置为True ，否则默认为False。    
    process_links：指定该spider中哪个的函数将会被调用，从link_extractor中获取到链接列表时将会调用该函数。该方法主要用来过滤。    
    process_request：指定该spider中哪个的函数将会被调用， 该规则提取到每个request时都会调用该函数。 (用来过滤request)

 2.创建案例

a.开始一个项目

scrapy startproject wxapp

b.创建模板

scrapy genspider -t crawl wxapp_spider "wxapp-union.com"

 c.settings.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for wxapp project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = 'wxapp'

SPIDER_MODULES = ['wxapp.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'wxapp.spiders'


# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'wxapp (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False

# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
  'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
  'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/68.0.3440.106 Safari/537.36'
}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'wxapp.middlewares.WxappSpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'wxapp.middlewares.WxappDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
#}

# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}

# Configure item pipelines
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'wxapp.pipelines.WxappPipeline': 300,
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

wxapp_spider.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
from wxapp.items import WxappItem

class WxappSpiderSpider(CrawlSpider):
    name = 'wxapp_spider'
    allowed_domains = ['wxapp-union.com']
    start_urls = ['http://www.wxapp-union.com/portal.php?mod=list&catid=2&page=1']

    rules = (
        Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'.+mod=list&catid=2&page=d'), follow=True),
        Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'.+article-.+.html'),callback="parse_detail",follow=False)
    )

    def parse_detail(self, response):
        title=response.xpath('//h1[@class="ph"]/text()').get()
        author_p=response.xpath('//p[@class="authors"]')
        author=author_p.xpath('.//a/text()').get()
        pub_time=author_p.xpath('.//span/text()').get()
        content=response.xpath('//td[@id="article_content"]//text()').getall()
        item=WxappItem(title=title,author=author,pub_time=pub_time,content=content)
        yield item
        #i['domain_id'] = response.xpath('//input[@id="sid"]/@value').extract()
        #i['name'] = response.xpath('//div[@id="name"]').extract()
        #i['description'] = response.xpath('//div[@id="description"]').extract()

items.py

import scrapy


class WxappItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    title=scrapy.Field()
    author=scrapy.Field()
    pub_time=scrapy.Field()
    content=scrapy.Field()

pipelines.py

from scrapy.exporters import JsonLinesItemExporter

class WxappPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.fp=open("wxapp.json","wb")
        self.exporter=JsonLinesItemExporter(self.fp,ensure_ascii=False,encoding="utf-8")

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        self.exporter.export_item(item)
        return item

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        self.fp.close()

在wxapp目录下创建：start.py

from scrapy import cmdline

cmdline.execute("scrapy crawl wxapp_spider".split())

执行start.py即可