本节内容
1. shell流程控制
2. for语句
3. while语句
4. break和continue语句
5. case语句
6. shell编程高级实战
shell流程控制
流程控制是改变程序运行顺序的指令。linux shell有一套自己的流程控制语句,其中包括条件语句(if),循环语句(for,while),选择语句(case)。下面我将通过例子介绍下,各个语句使用方法
if语句
格式:
格式:if list; then list; [ elif list; then list; ] ... [ else list; ] fi
1.1 单分支
if 条件表达式; then
命令
fi
实例:
#!/bin/bash
N=10
if [ $N -gt 5 ]; then
echo yes
fi
# bash test.sh
yes
N=10
if [ $N -gt 5 ]; then
echo yes
fi
# bash test.sh
yes
1.2 双分支
if 条件表达式; then
命令
else
命令
fi
命令
else
命令
fi
实例1:
#!/bin/bash
N=10
if [ $N -lt 5 ]; then
echo yes
else
echo no
fi
# bash test.sh
no
N=10
if [ $N -lt 5 ]; then
echo yes
else
echo no
fi
# bash test.sh
no
实例2:判断crond进程是否正在运行
-v: 表示取反
-c: 即count,取代通常的输出,显示行数
#!/bin/bash
NAME=crond
NUM=$(ps aux | grep $NAME | grep -vc grep)
if [ $NUM -eq 1 ]; then
echo "$NAME running."
else
echo "$NAME is not running!"
fi
NAME=crond
NUM=$(ps aux | grep $NAME | grep -vc grep)
if [ $NUM -eq 1 ]; then
echo "$NAME running."
else
echo "$NAME is not running!"
fi
实例3:检查主机是否在线
-c:表示发送几次包
-w:表示等待时间。当试图检测不可达主机时此选项很有用。
#!/bin/bash
if ping -c 1 192.168.1.1 &>/dev/null; then
if ping -c 1 192.168.1.1 &>/dev/null; then
echo "OK."
else
echo "NO!"
fi
else
echo "NO!"
fi
if 语句可以直接对命令状行判断,就省去了获取$?这一步!
1.3 多分支
if 条件表达式; then
命令
elif 条件表达式; then
命令
else
命令
fi
命令
elif 条件表达式; then
命令
else
命令
fi
当不确定条件符合哪一个时,就可以把已知条件判断写出来,做相应的处理。
实例1:
$1:表示接受用户输入参数
#!/bin/bash
N=$1
if [ $N -eq 3 ]; then
echo "eq 3"
elif [ $N -eq 5 ]; then
echo "eq 5"
elif [ $N -eq 8 ]; then
echo "eq 8"
else
echo "no"
fi
N=$1
if [ $N -eq 3 ]; then
echo "eq 3"
elif [ $N -eq 5 ]; then
echo "eq 5"
elif [ $N -eq 8 ]; then
echo "eq 8"
else
echo "no"
fi
如果第一个条件符合就不再向下匹配。
shell编程之if语句实战案例
需求:
1. 完成用户输入文件或者目录的自动复制,并可以实现用户指定复制目标位置。
2. 用户体验佳。
#!/bin/bash
read -p "please enter a file you want to copy:" file
if [ -f $file -o -d $file ];then
read -p "do you want to copy the $file?(y/n)" sure
read -p "please enter a file you want to copy:" file
if [ -f $file -o -d $file ];then
read -p "do you want to copy the $file?(y/n)" sure
confirm=$(echo ${sure} | tr A-Z a-z)
if [ "$confirm" == "y" ];then
read -p "where do you want to copy?" dire
if [ -d $dire ];then
cp -a $file $dire
echo "the $file copied to $dire"
else
echo "the $dire is not exists"
exit 1
fi
elif [ "$confirm" == "n" ];then
echo "bye"
else
echo "pls input y or n"
fi
else
echo "the $file is not exists"
fi
if [ "$confirm" == "y" ];then
read -p "where do you want to copy?" dire
if [ -d $dire ];then
cp -a $file $dire
echo "the $file copied to $dire"
else
echo "the $dire is not exists"
exit 1
fi
elif [ "$confirm" == "n" ];then
echo "bye"
else
echo "pls input y or n"
fi
else
echo "the $file is not exists"
fi
练习题1:尝试写一个shell简单的计算器,实现加减乘除。
请输入一个数字: 7
请输入运算符:+
请输入第二个数字:7
7+7=14
练习题2:输入一个用户,用脚本判断判断该用户是否存在。
for语句
格式:for name [ [ in [ word ... ] ] ; ] do list ; done
for 变量名 in 取值列表; do
命令
done
命令
done
或者
for 变量名 in 取值列表
do
命令
done
实例1:
#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..3}; do
echo $i
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
3
for i in {1..3}; do
echo $i
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
3
实例2:计算100以内偶数和
#!/bin/bash
sum=0
for i in `seq 2 2 100`
do
let sum+=$i
done
echo "$sum"
sum=0
for i in `seq 2 2 100`
do
let sum+=$i
done
echo "$sum"
shell编程之for语句实战案例
需求:
1. 批量检查当前教室主机是否在线
#!/bin/bash
. /etc/init.d/functions
ip=192.168.7.
for i in {100..150}
do
if ping -c 1 -w 1 $ip$i &>/dev/null;then
echo -n "$ip$i在线!"
success
echo ""
else
echo -n "$ip$i不在线!"
failure
echo ""
fi
done
. /etc/init.d/functions
ip=192.168.7.
for i in {100..150}
do
if ping -c 1 -w 1 $ip$i &>/dev/null;then
echo -n "$ip$i在线!"
success
echo ""
else
echo -n "$ip$i不在线!"
failure
echo ""
fi
done
练习题1:计算100以内的奇数和
练习题2:判断/root目录下面的文件类型
while语句
条件为真就进入死循环;条件为假就退出循环
格式:while list; do list; done
while 条件表达式; do
命令
done
命令
done
实例1:
#!/bin/bash
N=0
while [ $N -lt 5 ]; do
let N++
echo $N
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
3
4
5
N=0
while [ $N -lt 5 ]; do
let N++
echo $N
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
3
4
5
当条件表达式为 false 时,终止循环。
实例2:条件表达式为 true,将会产生死循环
#!/bin/bash
while [ 1 -eq 1 ]; do
echo "yes"
done
while [ 1 -eq 1 ]; do
echo "yes"
done
也可以条件表达式直接用 true:
#!/bin/bash
while true; do
echo "yes"
done
while true; do
echo "yes"
done
死循环有什么作用那?
可以用来后台运行检测脚本,如下是是一个检测脑裂的脚本
我们只需要在命令行中输入 nohup bash naolie.sh & 即可在后台持续运行该脚本
例子1:检测脑裂
#!/bin/bash
while true
do
ip=`ip a s eth0 | awk -F " +" 'NR==4{print $3}' | awk -F "/" '{print $1}' | awk -F "." '{print $4}'`1
ping -c 3 -i 1 -W 1 10.220.5.166 &>/dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ] && [ $ip = 1001 ];then
echo "happed naolie"
else
echo "everything is ok"
fi
done
while true
do
ip=`ip a s eth0 | awk -F " +" 'NR==4{print $3}' | awk -F "/" '{print $1}' | awk -F "." '{print $4}'`1
ping -c 3 -i 1 -W 1 10.220.5.166 &>/dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ] && [ $ip = 1001 ];then
echo "happed naolie"
else
echo "everything is ok"
fi
done
例子2:检测终端数量
#!/bin/bash
while true
do
num=`who | wc -l`
echo "当前打开终端数量为:$num"
sleep 5
done
while true
do
num=`who | wc -l`
echo "当前打开终端数量为:$num"
sleep 5
done
要想使用 while 循环逐行读取 a.txt 文件,有三种方式:
方式 1:
#!/bin/bash
cat ./a.txt | while read LINE; do
echo $LINE
done
cat ./a.txt | while read LINE; do
echo $LINE
done
方式2:
#!/bin/bash
while read LINE; do
echo $LINE
done < ./a.txt
while read LINE; do
echo $LINE
done < ./a.txt
方式3:
exec < ./a.txt # 读取文件作为标准输出
while read LINE; do
echo $LINE
done
while read LINE; do
echo $LINE
done
与 while 关联的还有一个 until 语句,它与 while 不同之处在于,是当条件表达式为 false 时才循环,实际使用中比较少,这里不再讲解。
#!/bin/bash
n=0
until [ $n -eq 5 ]
do
let n++
echo "$n"
done
n=0
until [ $n -eq 5 ]
do
let n++
echo "$n"
done
break和continue语句
break 是终止循环。
continue 是跳出当前循环。
示例 1:在死循环中,满足条件终止循环
#!/bin/bash
N=0
while true; do
let N++
if [ $N -eq 5 ]; then
break
fi
echo $N
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
3
4
N=0
while true; do
let N++
if [ $N -eq 5 ]; then
break
fi
echo $N
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
3
4
里面用了 if 判断,并用了 break 语句,它是跳出循环。与其关联的还有一个 continue 语句,它是跳出本次循环。
示例 2:举例子说明 continue 用法
#!/bin/bash
N=0
while [ $N -lt 5 ]; do
let N++
if [ $N -eq 3 ]; then
continue
fi
echo $N
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
4
N=0
while [ $N -lt 5 ]; do
let N++
if [ $N -eq 3 ]; then
continue
fi
echo $N
done
# bash test.sh
1
2
4
当变量 N 等于 3 时,continue 跳过了本次循环,没有执行下面的 echo。
注意:continue 与 break 语句只能循环语句中使用。
[root@ken-node1 ~]# cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash
st=0
while true
do
let st++
if [ $st -eq 5 ];then
continue
elif [ $st -eq 10 ];then
break
else
echo "$st"
fi
done
[root@ken-node1 ~]# bash test.sh
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
#!/bin/bash
st=0
while true
do
let st++
if [ $st -eq 5 ];then
continue
elif [ $st -eq 10 ];then
break
else
echo "$st"
fi
done
[root@ken-node1 ~]# bash test.sh
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
case语句
case 语句一般用于选择性来执行对应部分块命令。
case 模式名 in
模式 1)
命令
;;
模式 2)
命令
;;
*)
不符合以上模式执行的命令
esac
模式 1)
命令
;;
模式 2)
命令
;;
*)
不符合以上模式执行的命令
esac
每个模式必须以右括号结束,命令结尾以双分号结束,最后一个模式不需要添加;;。
示例1:根据位置参数匹配不同的模式
#!/bin/bash
case $1 in
start)
echo "start."
;;
stop)
echo "stop."
;;
restart)
echo "restart."
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
esac
# bash test.sh
Usage: test.sh {start|stop|restart}
# bash test.sh start
start.
# bash test.sh stop
stop.
# bash test.sh restart
restart.
case $1 in
start)
echo "start."
;;
stop)
echo "stop."
;;
restart)
echo "restart."
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
esac
# bash test.sh
Usage: test.sh {start|stop|restart}
# bash test.sh start
start.
# bash test.sh stop
stop.
# bash test.sh restart
restart.
实例2:
#!/bin/bash
case $1 in
[0-9])
echo "match number."
;;
[a-z])
echo "match letter."
;;
'-h'|'--help')
echo "help"
;;
*)
echo "Input error!"
exit
esac
# bash test.sh 1
match number.
# bash test.sh a
match letter.
# bash test.sh -h
help
# bash test.sh --help
help
case $1 in
[0-9])
echo "match number."
;;
[a-z])
echo "match letter."
;;
'-h'|'--help')
echo "help"
;;
*)
echo "Input error!"
exit
esac
# bash test.sh 1
match number.
# bash test.sh a
match letter.
# bash test.sh -h
help
# bash test.sh --help
help
模式支持的正则有:*、?、[ ]、[.-.]、|。后面有章节单独讲解 Shell 正则表达式。
shell编程高级实战
实战1:写一个猜数字的小游戏
要求:
1. 猜对退出
2. 数字随机
3. 使用体验佳
#!/bin/bash
clear
num=`echo $RANDOM`
count=0
while true
do
let count++
read -p "pls enter a num you guess:" guessnum
if [ $guessnum -lt $num ]; then
echo "the num is so smaller!"
elif [ $guessnum -gt $num ];then
echo "the num is so bigger!"
elif [ $guessnum -eq $num ];then
echo "right!wonderful! "
break
else
echo "good bye"
exit
fi
done
echo -e " 33[36myou guess $count times 33[0m" #-e允许对下面列出的加反斜线转义的字符进行解释.
clear
num=`echo $RANDOM`
count=0
while true
do
let count++
read -p "pls enter a num you guess:" guessnum
if [ $guessnum -lt $num ]; then
echo "the num is so smaller!"
elif [ $guessnum -gt $num ];then
echo "the num is so bigger!"
elif [ $guessnum -eq $num ];then
echo "right!wonderful! "
break
else
echo "good bye"
exit
fi
done
echo -e " 33[36myou guess $count times 33[0m" #-e允许对下面列出的加反斜线转义的字符进行解释.
实战2:检测当前教室在线IP地址
要求:
1.显示美观
#!/bin/bash
. /etc/init.d/functions
ip=172.20.10.
for i in {1..255}
do
if ping -c 1 $ip$i &>/dev/null ;then
echo -n "$ip$i" #-n表示不输出行尾的换行符
success
echo ""
else
echo -n "$ip$i"
failure
echo ""
fi
done
. /etc/init.d/functions
ip=172.20.10.
for i in {1..255}
do
if ping -c 1 $ip$i &>/dev/null ;then
echo -n "$ip$i" #-n表示不输出行尾的换行符
success
echo ""
else
echo -n "$ip$i"
failure
echo ""
fi
done
实战3:检查软件包是否安装
要求:
1.用户输入软件名即可进行查询
#!/bin/bash
read -p "pls enter a softname:" softname
if rpm -q $softname &>/dev/null ;then
echo "the $softname is already installed"
else
echo "the $softname" is not installed
fi
read -p "pls enter a softname:" softname
if rpm -q $softname &>/dev/null ;then
echo "the $softname is already installed"
else
echo "the $softname" is not installed
fi
实战4:打印九九乘法表
#!/bin/bash
for i in `seq 9`
do
for a in `seq 9`
do
if [ $a -le $i ];then
echo -n "$a*$i=$(($i*$a)) "
fi
done
echo ""
done
for i in `seq 9`
do
for a in `seq 9`
do
if [ $a -le $i ];then
echo -n "$a*$i=$(($i*$a)) "
fi
done
echo ""
done
补充练习题
1.实现简单计算器(加减乘除)
#!/bin/bash
read -p "请输入第一个数字:" a
read -p "请输入运算符[+-*/]:" b
read -p "请输入第二个数字:" c
if [ -n $a -a -n $b -a -n $c ];then
if [ "$b" == "+" ];then
echo "$a+$c=$(($a+$c))"
elif [ "$b" == "-" ];then
echo "$a-$c=$(($a-$c))"
elif [ "$b" == "*" ];then
echo "$a*$c=$(($a*$c))"
elif [ "$b" == "/" ];then
echo "$a/$c=$(($a/$c))"
else
echo "请输入+—*%"
fi
else
echo "请按照要求输入内容!"
fi
read -p "请输入第一个数字:" a
read -p "请输入运算符[+-*/]:" b
read -p "请输入第二个数字:" c
if [ -n $a -a -n $b -a -n $c ];then
if [ "$b" == "+" ];then
echo "$a+$c=$(($a+$c))"
elif [ "$b" == "-" ];then
echo "$a-$c=$(($a-$c))"
elif [ "$b" == "*" ];then
echo "$a*$c=$(($a*$c))"
elif [ "$b" == "/" ];then
echo "$a/$c=$(($a/$c))"
else
echo "请输入+—*%"
fi
else
echo "请按照要求输入内容!"
fi
2. 批量创建100个以数字开头的文件,并每隔一秒钟输出到终端
#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..100}
do
touch ${i}.txt
echo "${i}.txt"
sleep 1
done
for i in {1..100}
do
touch ${i}.txt
echo "${i}.txt"
sleep 1
done
3.动态持续监测本机linux系统内存剩余量(仅显示数值),并在终端输出
#!/bin/bash
while true
do
mem=`free -h | grep "Mem" | cut -d "M" -f 4 | tr -d " "`
echo $mem
sleep 1
done
while true
do
mem=`free -h | grep "Mem" | cut -d "M" -f 4 | tr -d " "`
echo $mem
sleep 1
done