• flask入门


    1.安装

    pip3 install flask

    2.十行搞定一个flask项目

    from flask import Flask
    # 实例化产生一个Flask对象
    app = Flask(__name__)
    # 将 '/'和视图函数hello_workd的对应关系添加到路由中
    @app.route('/') # 1. v=app.route('/') 2. v(hello_world)
    def hello_world():
        return 'Hello World!'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run() # 最终调用了run_simple()

    右键运行,打开浏览器访问http:127.0.0.1:5000/就可以看到 Hello World 了

    3.配置文件

    flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象(继承字典),有两种配置方式:

    方式一:

       app.config['DEBUG'] = True
       PS: 由于Config对象本质上是字典,所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)

    方式二:

    #通过py文件配置
    app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
    如:
    settings.py
    DEBUG = True
    
    app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
    #通过环境变量配置
    app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
    #app.config.from_pyfile(os.environ['YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS'])
    环境变量的值为python文件名称名称,内部调用from_pyfile方法
    
    app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
    JSON文件名称,必须是json格式,因为内部会执行json.loads
    
    app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG': True})
    字典格式
    
    app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
    
    app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
    
    settings.py
    
    
    class Config(object):
        DEBUG = False
        TESTING = False
        DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
    
    
    class ProductionConfig(Config):
        DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
    
    
    class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
        DEBUG = True
    
    
    class TestingConfig(Config):
        TESTING = True
    
    
    PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
    
    PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录,如果instance_relative_config为True,则就是instance_path目录(Flask对象init方法的参数)

    4.路由系统

    典型写法

    @app.route('/detail/<int:nid>',methods=['GET'],endpoint='detail')

    默认转换器

    DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
        'default':          UnicodeConverter,
        'string':           UnicodeConverter,
        'any':              AnyConverter,
        'path':             PathConverter,
        'int':              IntegerConverter,
        'float':            FloatConverter,
        'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
    }

    路由系统本质

    """
    1. decorator = app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='n1')
        def route(self, rule, **options):
            # app对象
            # rule= /
            # options = {methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='n1'}
            def decorator(f):
                endpoint = options.pop('endpoint', None)
                self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
                return f
            return decorator
    2. @decorator
        decorator(index)
    """
    #同理
    def login():
        return '登录'
    app.add_url_rule('/login', 'n2', login, methods=['GET',"POST"])
    #与django路由类似
    #django与flask路由:flask路由基于装饰器,本质是基于:add_url_rule
    #add_url_rule 源码中,endpoint如果为空,endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func),最终取view_func.__name__(函数名)

    CBV(源码分析)

    def auth(func):
        def inner(*args, **kwargs):
            print('before')
            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            print('after')
            return result
    
        return inner
    
    class IndexView(views.View):
        methods = ['GET']
        decorators = [auth, ]
    
        def dispatch_request(self):
            print('Index')
            return 'Index!'
    
    app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
    #或者,通常用此方式
      class IndexView(views.MethodView):
                methods = ['GET']
                decorators = [auth, ]
    
                def get(self):
                    return 'Index.GET'
    
                def post(self):
                    return 'Index.POST'
            app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint

    支持正则

    #1 写类,继承BaseConverter
    #2 注册:app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    # 3 使用:@app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>')  正则表达式会当作第二个参数传递到类中
    from flask import Flask, views, url_for
    from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
    
    app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
    
    class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
        """
        自定义URL匹配正则表达式
        """
        def __init__(self, map, regex):
            super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
            self.regex = regex
    
        def to_python(self, value):
            """
            路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
            """
            return int(value)
    
        def to_url(self, value):
            """
            使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
            """
            val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
            return val
    # 添加到flask中
    app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    @app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>')
    def index(nid):
        print(url_for('index', nid='888'))
        return 'Index'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    5.模板

    比django中多可以加括号,执行函数,传参数

    from flask import Flask,render_template,Markup,jsonify,make_response
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    def func1(arg):
        return Markup("<input type='text' value='%s' />" %(arg,))
    @app.route('/')
    def index():
        return render_template('index.html',ff = func1)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    index.html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
        {{ff('六五')}}
        {{ff('六五')|safe}}
    
    </body>
    </html>

    注意:

    1.Markup等价django的mark_safe ,

    2.extends,include一模一样

    6.请求响应

       from flask import Flask
        from flask import request
        from flask import render_template
        from flask import redirect
        from flask import make_response
    
        app = Flask(__name__)
    
    
        @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
        def login():
    
            # 请求相关信息
            # request.method
            # request.args
            # request.form
            # request.values
            # request.cookies
            # request.headers
            # request.path
            # request.full_path
            # request.script_root
            # request.url
            # request.base_url
            # request.url_root
            # request.host_url
            # request.host
            # request.files
            # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
            # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
    
            # 响应相关信息
            # return "字符串"
            # return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
            # return redirect('/index.html')
            #return jsonify({'k1':'v1'})
    
            # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
            # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
            # response.delete_cookie('key')
            # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
            # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
            # return response
            return "内容"
    
        if __name__ == '__main__':
            app.run()

    7.session

    除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。 (app.session_interface对象)

    设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'
    删除:session.pop('username', None)

    8.闪现(message)

    -设置:flash('aaa')
    -取值:get_flashed_message()
    -假设在a页面操作出错,跳转到b页面,在b页面显示a页面的错误信息

    示例:

    from flask import Flask,flash,get_flashed_messages,request,redirect
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = 'asdfasdf'
    
    
    @app.route('/index')
    def index():
        # 从某个地方获取设置过的所有值,并清除。
        val = request.args.get('v')
        if val == 'oldboy':
            return 'Hello World!'
        flash('超时错误',category="x1")
        return "ssdsdsdfsd"
        # return redirect('/error')
    
    
    @app.route('/error')
    def error():
        """
        展示错误信息
        :return:
        """
        data = get_flashed_messages(category_filter=['x1'])
        if data:
            msg = data[0]
        else:
            msg = "..."
        return "错误信息:%s" %(msg,)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    View Code

    9.请求拓展

    1 before_request

    类比django中间件中process_request,在请求收到之前绑定一个函数做一些事情

    #基于它做用户登录认证
    @app.before_request
    def process_request(*args,**kwargs):
        if request.path == '/login':
            return None
        user = session.get('user_info')
        if user:
            return None
        return redirect('/login')

    2 after_request

    类比django中间件中的process_response,每一个请求之后绑定一个函数,如果请求没有异常

    @app.after_request
    def process_response1(response):
        print('process_response1 走了')
        return response

    3 teardown_request

    每一个请求之后绑定一个函数,即使遇到了异常

    @app.teardown_request 
    def ter(e):
        pass

    4 errorhandle

    路径不存在时404,服务器内部错误500

    @app.errorhandler(404)
    def error_404(arg):
        return "404错误了"

    5 template_global

    标签

    @app.template_global()
    def sb(a1, a2):
        return a1 + a2
    #{{sb(1,2)}}

    6 template_filter

    过滤器

    @app.template_filter()
    def db(a1, a2, a3):
        return a1 + a2 + a3
    #{{ 1|db(2,3)}}

    总结:

    1 重点掌握before_request和after_request,

    2 注意有多个的情况,执行顺序

    3 before_request请求拦截后(也就是有return值),response所有都执行

    10.蓝图

    对程序进行目录结构划分

    不使用蓝图,自己分文件

    目录结构:

    -templates
    -views
        -__init__.py
        -user.py
        -order.py
    -app.py

    app.py

    from views import app
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    init.py

    from flask import Flask,request
    app = Flask(__name__)
    #不导入这个不行
    from . import account
    from . import order
    from . import user

    user.py

    from . import app
    @app.route('/user')
    def user():
        return 'user'

    order.py

    from . import app
    @app.route('/order')
    def order():
        return 'order'

    11.g对象

    专门用来存储用户信息的g对象,g的全称的为global

    g对象在一次请求中的所有的代码的地方,都是可以使用的

    g对象和session的区别

    session对象是可以跨request的,只要session还未失效,不同的request的请求会获取到同一个session,但是g对象不是,g对象不需要管过期时间,请求一次就g对象就改变了一次,或者重新赋值了一次

    12.flask-session

    作用:将默认保存的签名cookie中的值 保存到 redis/memcached/file/Mongodb/SQLAlchemy

    安装:pip3 install flask-session

    使用1:

    from flask import Flask,session
    from flask_session import RedisSessionInterface
    import redis
    app = Flask(__name__)
    conn=redis.Redis(host='127.0.0.1',port=6379)
    #use_signer是否对key签名
    app.session_interface=RedisSessionInterface(conn,key_prefix='lqz')
    @app.route('/')
    def hello_world():
        session['name']='lqz'
        return 'Hello World!'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    使用2:

    from redis import Redis
    from flask.ext.session import Session
    app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
    app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
    Session(app)

    问题:设置cookie时,如何设定关闭浏览器则cookie失效。

    response.set_cookie('k','v',exipre=None)#这样设置即可
    #在session中设置
    app.session_interface=RedisSessionInterface(conn,key_prefix='lqz',permanent=False)
    #一般不用,我们一般都设置超时时间,多长时间后失效

    问题:cookie默认超时时间是多少?如何设置超时时间

    #源码expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
    'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),#这个配置文件控制

    13.wtforms

    安装:pip3 install wtforms

    使用1:

    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    
    app.debug = True
    
    
    class LoginForm(Form):
        # 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
        name = simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(), # 页面上显示的插件
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
    
        )
        # 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=8, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d'),
                validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-zd$@$!%*?&]{8,}",
                                  message='密码至少8个字符,至少1个大写字母,1个小写字母,1个数字和1个特殊字符')
    
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
    
    
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = LoginForm()
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate():
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    login.html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>登录</h1>
    <form method="post">
        <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p>
    
        <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p>
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>

    使用2:

    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import core
    from wtforms.fields import html5
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    app.debug = True
    
    
    
    class RegisterForm(Form):
        name = simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired()
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'},
            default='alex'
        )
    
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.')
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField(
            label='重复密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'),
                validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致")
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        email = html5.EmailField(
            label='邮箱',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'),
                validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        gender = core.RadioField(
            label='性别',
            choices=(
                (1, ''),
                (2, ''),
            ),
            coerce=int # “1” “2”
         )
        city = core.SelectField(
            label='城市',
            choices=(
                ('bj', '北京'),
                ('sh', '上海'),
            )
        )
    
        hobby = core.SelectMultipleField(
            label='爱好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            coerce=int
        )
    
        favor = core.SelectMultipleField(
            label='喜好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False),
            option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(),
            coerce=int,
            default=[1, 2]
        )
    
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球'))
    
        def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field):
            """
            自定义pwd_confirm字段规则,例:与pwd字段是否一致
            :param field:
            :return:
            """
            # 最开始初始化时,self.data中已经有所有的值
    
            if field.data != self.data['pwd']:
                # raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证
                raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致")  # 不再继续后续验证
    
    
    @app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def register():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 2,'hobby':[1,]}) # initial
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate():
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
    
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>用户注册</h1>
    <form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0  50px">
        {% for field in form %}
        <p>{{field.label}}: {{field}} {{field.errors[0] }}</p>
        {% endfor %}
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>

    14.信号

    Flask框架中的信号基于blinker,其主要就是让开发者可是在flask请求过程中定制一些用户行为

    安装:pip3 install blinker

    内置信号:

    request_started = _signals.signal('request-started')                # 请求到来前执行
    request_finished = _signals.signal('request-finished')              # 请求结束后执行
     
    before_render_template = _signals.signal('before-render-template')  # 模板渲染前执行
    template_rendered = _signals.signal('template-rendered')            # 模板渲染后执行
     
    got_request_exception = _signals.signal('got-request-exception')    # 请求执行出现异常时执行
     
    request_tearing_down = _signals.signal('request-tearing-down')      # 请求执行完毕后自动执行(无论成功与否)
    appcontext_tearing_down = _signals.signal('appcontext-tearing-down')# 应用上下文执行完毕后自动执行(无论成功与否)
     
    appcontext_pushed = _signals.signal('appcontext-pushed')            # 应用上下文push时执行
    appcontext_popped = _signals.signal('appcontext-popped')            # 应用上下文pop时执行
    message_flashed = _signals.signal('message-flashed')                # 调用flask在其中添加数据时,自动触发

    使用信号:

    from flask import Flask,signals,render_template
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    # 往信号中注册函数
    def func(*args,**kwargs):
        print('触发型号',args,kwargs)
    signals.request_started.connect(func)
    
    # 触发信号: signals.request_started.send()
    @app.before_first_request
    def before_first1(*args,**kwargs):
        pass
    @app.before_first_request
    def before_first2(*args,**kwargs):
        pass
    
    @app.before_request
    def before_first3(*args,**kwargs):
        pass
    
    @app.route('/',methods=['GET',"POST"])
    def index():
        print('视图')
        return render_template('index.html')
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.wsgi_app
        app.run()

    一个流程中的信号触发点(了解)

    a. before_first_request
    b. 触发 request_started 信号
    c. before_request
    d. 模板渲染
        渲染前的信号 before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context)
            rv = template.render(context) # 模板渲染
        渲染后的信号 template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context)
    e. after_request
    f. session.save_session()
    g. 触发 request_finished信号        
        如果上述过程出错:
            触发错误处理信号 got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e)
                
    h. 触发信号 request_tearing_down

    自定义信号(了解):

    from flask import Flask, current_app, flash, render_template
    from flask.signals import _signals
    app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
    
    # 自定义信号
    xxxxx = _signals.signal('xxxxx')
     
    def func(sender, *args, **kwargs):
        print(sender)
    # 自定义信号中注册函数
    xxxxx.connect(func)
    @app.route("/x")
    def index():
        # 触发信号
        xxxxx.send('123123', k1='v1')
        return 'Index' 
     
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    15.多app应用

    from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    from flask import Flask, current_app
    app1 = Flask('app01')
    app2 = Flask('app02')
    
    @app1.route('/index')
    def index():
        return "app01"
    
    @app2.route('/index2')
    def index2():
        return "app2"
    
    # http://www.oldboyedu.com/index
    # http://www.oldboyedu.com/sec/index2
    dm = DispatcherMiddleware(app1, {
        '/sec': app2,
    })
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        run_simple('localhost', 5000, dm)

    16.flask-script

    用于实现类似于django中 python3 manage.py runserver ...类似的命令

    安装:pip3 install flask-script

    使用

    from flask_script import Manager
    app = Flask(__name__)
    manager=Manager(app)
    ...
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        manager.run()
    #以后在执行,直接:python3 manage.py runserver
    #python3 manage.py runserver --help
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/gongcheng-/p/10269151.html
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