安装环境:
[root@nginx ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 6.6 (Final) [root@nginx ~]# uname -r 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64
Nginx安装
1:安装必须的包
[root@nginx ~]# yum install -y pcre pcre-devel openssl-devel
pcre全称(Perl Compatible Regular Expressions),中文perl兼容正则表达式!(nginx的rewite模块需要它)
2:添加虚拟用户
[root@nginx tools]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M nginx [root@nginx tools]# id nginx uid=501(nginx) gid=501(nginx) groups=501(nginx)
3:新建一目录,用于安装nginx
[root@nginx nginx-1.6.3]# mkdir /application
4:下载nginx
wget -q http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.3.tar.gz
百度下载:http://pan.baidu.com/s/1jIE37Oa
微云下载:https://share.weiyun.com/8b3117629c6381199df93809ce26d81e
5:编译安装nginx
wget -q http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.3.tar.gz tar zxf nginx-1.6.3.tar.gz ./configure --prefix=/application/nginx-1.6.3 --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module make #只要结尾没有报错就OK make install
6:创建软链接
[root@nginx application]# ln -s nginx-1.6.3 nginx [root@nginx application]# ll total 4 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Feb 14 21:31 nginx -> nginx-1.6.3 drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Feb 14 21:30 nginx-1.6.3
7:启动nginx
[root@nginx application]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx
查看是否启动成功:
[root@nginx application]# ps -ef|grep nginx root 5205 1 0 21:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /application/nginx/sbin/nginx nginx 5206 5205 0 21:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process root 5208 967 0 21:32 pts/0 00:00:00 grep nginx
查看nginx端口号:
[root@nginx application]# ss -lnput|grep nginx tcp LISTEN 0 511 *:80 *:* users:(("nginx",5205,6),("nginx",5206,6))
停掉nginx:
[root@nginx application]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop
重启nginx:
[root@nginx application]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
以上就是nginx1.6.3的安装!此时在windonws浏览器下输入IP地址,即可看到如下页面:
Linux本机测试:
[root@nginx application]# curl 192.168.17.15 <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Welcome to nginx!</title> <style> body { 35em; margin: 0 auto; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; } </style> </head> <body> <h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1> <p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and working. Further configuration is required.</p> <p>For online documentation and support please refer to <a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/> Commercial support is available at <a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p> <p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p> </body> </html>
nginx常用模块介绍
nginx技术内幕课程视频:http://edu.51cto.com/lesson/id-56899.html
nginx核心模块:http://nginx.org/en/docs
Nginx配置文件(nginx.conf)配置详解
[root@ClientA nginx]# cat conf/nginx.conf #user nobody; #Nginx用户及组:用户 组。window下不指定 worker_processes 1; #工作进程:数目。根据硬件调整,通常等于CPU数量或者2倍于CPU。 #error_log logs/error.log; #error_log logs/error.log notice; #error_log logs/error.log info; #pid logs/nginx.pid; #pid(进程标识符):存放路径。 events { worker_connections 1024; } #每个工作进程的最大连接数量。根据硬件调整,和前面工作进程配合起来用,尽量大,但是别把cpu跑到100%就行。每个进程允许的最多连接数,理论上每台nginx服务器的最大连接数为:worker_processes*worker_connections http { include mime.types; #设定mime类型,类型由mime.type文件定义 default_type application/octet-stream; #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; #access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; #开启高效传输模式 #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; #gzip on; server { listen 80; server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; location / { root html; index index.html index.htm; } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ .php$ { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # #location ~ .php$ { # root html; # fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # fastcgi_index index.php; # fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name; # include fastcgi_params; #} # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one # #location ~ /.ht { # deny all; #} } # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration # #server { # listen 8000; # listen somename:8080; # server_name somename alias another.alias; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} # HTTPS server # #server { # listen 443 ssl; # server_name localhost; # ssl_certificate cert.pem; # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; # ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; # ssl_session_timeout 5m; # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} }
基于域名的虚拟主机配置步骤
为了让配置文件规范化,我们使用一个网站一个配置文件,操作步骤如下:
1:编辑nginx.conf配置文件
[root@nginx application]# vim /application/nginx/conf/nginx.conf worker_processes 1; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; # nginx vhosts config include extra/www.conf; #include extra/bbs.conf; #include extra/blog.conf; ##如果有多个网站在这里添加配置文件路径 } ##编辑后的文件,删除了注释,添加include几行
2:在/application/nginx/conf/extra目录下创建对应的网站配置文件
[root@nginx conf]# mkdir extra [root@nginx conf]# cd extra [root@nginx extra]# cat www.conf server { listen 80; server_name www.ginvip.com alias ginvip.com; location / { root html/ginvip; index index.html index.htm; } }
上面的alias ginvip.com就是别名配置!类似于IIS里的301重定向
3:创建对应的网站目录(路径就是上面的配置文件中:html/ginvip)
[root@nginx nginx]# mkdir html/ginvip
4:创建测试文件
[root@nginx nginx]# cd html/ginvip [root@nginx ginvip]# ll total 0 [root@nginx ginvip]# echo "this is a test nginx website" >index.html [root@nginx ginvip]# ll total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29 Feb 14 22:07 index.html
5:检查语法,重启nginx
[root@nginx ginvip]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful [root@nginx ginvip]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
6:添加IP,域名到本地的hosts文件
Linux平台添加:
[root@nginx ginvip]# vim /etc/hosts 192.168.17.15 www.ginvip.com ginvip.com
windows平台添加:(路径:C:WindowsSystem32driversetchosts)
7:测试
Linux平台测试:
[root@nginx ginvip]# curl www.ginvip.com this is a test nginx website
测试别名:
[root@nginx ginvip]# curl ginvip.com this is a test nginx website
windows平台测试:
基于端口的虚拟主机配置
基于端口的虚拟主机在生产环境中不多见,仅偶尔会用到,一般是为公司内部人员提供访问的,如OA系统,网站程序的后台,CMS发布后台,Mysql的web客户端phpmyadmin等。
配置文件中的配置与基于域名的配置大致一样,只是修改上面配置文件中的80端口为你想要访问的端口!测试访问的时候,域名后面加上 :端口号
基于IP的虚拟主机实战
只需要在配置文件中的80端口前加上IP地址即可!
Nginx状态信息功能实战
1:在extra目录增加一个status.conf配置文件,内容如下:
[root@nginx nginx]# vim conf/extra/status.conf ## website status server { listen 80; server_name status.ginvip.com; location / { stub_status on; #开启http_stub_status_module模块 access_log off; } }
2:在主配置文件包含status.conf配置文件
[root@nginx nginx]# cat conf/nginx.conf worker_processes 1; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; # nginx vhosts config include extra/www.conf; include extra/status.conf; }
3:检查语法,重启nginx
[root@nginx nginx]# sbin/nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful [root@nginx nginx]# sbin/nginx -s reload
4:添加域名到/etc/hosts文件
5:测试status.ginvip.com
[root@nginx nginx]# curl status.ginvip.com Active connections: 1 #活跃的连接数量 server accepts handled requests 4 4 4 4 Reading: 0 Writing: 1 Waiting: 0
第一个server表示Nginx启动到现在共处理了4个连接
第三个accepts表示Nginx启动到现在共成功创建了4次握手:请求丢失数=(握手数-连接数),可以看出,本次状态显示没有丢失请求
第三个handled requests,表示总共处理了4次请求
Reading: 0 Writing: 1 Waiting: 0
Reading:Nginx读取到客户端的header信息数
Writing:Nginx返回给客户端的header信息数
Waiting:Nginx已经处理完正在等候下一次请求指令的驻留连接。开启keep-alive的情况下,这个值等于active-(reading+writing)
为Nginx增加错误日志(error_log)配置
error_log的语法格式及参数语法说明如下:
error_log file level; #关键字 日志文件 错误日志级别
生产场景一般是warn|error|crit这三个级别之一,注意不要配置info等较低级别,会带来更多的磁盘I/O消耗
error_log的默认值为:
#default: error_log logs/error.log error;
可以放置的标签段为:
#context: main, http, server, location
官方参考资料:http://nginx.org/docs/ngx_core_module.html#error_log
在主配置文件nginx.conf中添加日志项:
[root@nginx nginx]# cat conf/nginx.conf worker_processes 1; error_log logs/error.log error; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; # nginx vhosts config include extra/www.conf; include extra/status.conf; }
Nginx访问日志介绍
Nginx软件会把每个用户访问网站的日志信息记录到指定的日志文件里,供网站提供都分析用户浏览器行为等,此功能由ngx_http_log_module模块负责。
对应官方地址:http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_log_module.html
Nginx的访问日志主要由下面的两个参数控制:
参数 |
说明 |
log_format |
用来定义记录日志的格式(可以定义多种日志格式,取不同名字即可) |
access_log |
用来指定日志文件的路径及使用的何种日志格式记录日志 |
Nginx日志格式中默认的参数配置格如下:
[root@ClientA nginx]# cat conf/nginx.conf.default #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
将上面三行代码去掉#号,复制到主配置文件nginx.conf
[root@nginx nginx]# cat conf/nginx.conf worker_processes 1; error_log logs/error.log error; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; # nginx vhosts config include extra/www.conf; include extra/status.conf; }
Nginx日志变量说明如下:
Nginx日志变量 |
说明 |
$remote_addr |
记录访问网站的客户端地址 |
$http_x_forwarded_for |
当前端有代理服务器时,设置WEB节点记录客户端地址的配置,此参数生效的前提是代理服务器上也要进行相关的x_forwarded_for设置 |
$remote_user |
远程客户端用户名称 |
$time_local |
记录访问时间与时区 |
$request |
用户的http请求起始行信息 |
$status |
http状态码,记录请求返回的状态,如:200 , 404 , 301等 |
$body_bytes_sents |
服务器发送给客户端的响应body字节数 |
$http_referer |
记录此次请求是从哪个链接访问过来的,可以根据referer进行防盗链设置 |
$http_user_agent |
记录客户端访问信息,如:浏览器,手机客户端 |
没有特殊要求,默认的配置即可,更多可以设置的记录日志信息变量见:http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_log_module.html
记录日志的access_log参数说明
access_log off; #这里的off,表示不记录访问日志
默认配置:access_log logs/access.log combined;
放置位置:http , server , location , if in location , limit_except
访问日志最好在单独的配置文件中配置:
[root@nginx nginx]# cat conf/extra/www.conf server { listen 80; server_name www.ginvip.com alias ginvip.com; location / { root html/ginvip; index index.html index.htm; } access_log logs/access_www.log main; }
如果不指定日志格式就会用默认的combined格式记录日志
也可以对日志进行压缩,可以在记录日志参数中加上buffer和flush选项,这样做会在高并发场景下提升网站访问....:
access_log logs/access_www.log main gzip buffer=32k flush=5s;
更多内容参考:http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_log_module.html
Nginx访问日志轮询切割
默认情况nginx会把所有的访问日志生成到一个指定的访问日志文件access.log里,如果自己配置了日志,如上面我就对网站做了配置,写到了logs/access_www.conf文件里,时间长了会导致日志容量过大,不利于分析日志和处理,因此,有必要对Nginx按天或按指定时间进行切割成不同的文件保留,这里使用按天切割的方法:
[root@nginx scripts]# cat cut_nginx_log.sh #!/bin/sh Dateformat=`date +%Y%m%d -d -1day` Basedir='/application/nginx' Nginxlogdir="$Basedir/logs" Logname="access_www" [ -d $Nginxlogdir ] && cd $Nginxlogdir || exit 1 [ -f ${Logname}.log ] || exit 1 /bin/mv ${Logname}.log ${Dateformat}_${Logname}.log $Basedir/sbin/nginx -s reload
将此脚本加入到定时任务中即可!