Selenium 基本使用

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

try:

    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')

    input = browser.find_element_by_id('kw')

    input.send_keys('Python')

    input.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)

    wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)

    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'content_left')))

    print(browser.current_url)

    print(browser.get_cookies())

    print(browser.page_source)

finally:

    browser.close()

声明浏览器对象

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser = webdriver.Firefox()

browser = webdriver.Edge()

browser = webdriver.PhantomJS()

browser = webdriver.Safari()

访问页面

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')

print(browser.page_source)

browser.close()

查找元素

单个元素

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')

input_first = browser.find_element_by_id('q')

input_second = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')

input_third = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="q"]')

print(input_first, input_second, input_third)

browser.close()

• find_element_by_name
• find_element_by_xpath
• find_element_by_link_text
• find_element_by_partial_link_text
• find_element_by_tag_name
• find_element_by_class_name
• find_element_by_css_selector

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')

input_first = browser.find_element(By.ID, 'q')

print(input_first)

browser.close()

多个元素

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')

lis = browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('.service-bd li')

print(lis)

browser.close()

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')

lis = browser.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.service-bd li')

print(lis)

browser.close()

• find_elements_by_name
• find_elements_by_xpath
• find_elements_by_link_text
• find_elements_by_partial_link_text
• find_elements_by_tag_name
• find_elements_by_class_name
• find_elements_by_css_selector

元素交互操作

对获取的元素调用交互方法

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

import time

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')

input = browser.find_element_by_id('q')

input.send_keys('iPhone')

time.sleep(1)

input.clear()

input.send_keys('iPad')

button = browser.find_element_by_class_name('btn-search')

button.click()

更多操作: http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement

交互动作

将动作附加到动作链中串行执行

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'

browser.get(url)

browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')

source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')

target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#droppable')

actions = ActionChains(browser)

actions.drag_and_drop(source, target)

actions.perform()

更多操作: http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains

执行JavaScript

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')

browser.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)')

browser.execute_script('alert("To Bottom")')

获取元素信息

获取属性

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'

browser.get(url)

logo = browser.find_element_by_id('zh-top-link-logo')

print(logo)

print(logo.get_attribute('class'))

获取文本值

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'

browser.get(url)

input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')

print(input.text)

获取ID、位置、标签名、大小

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'

browser.get(url)

input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')

print(input.id)

print(input.location)

print(input.tag_name)

print(input.size)

Frame

In [ ]:

import time

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'

browser.get(url)

browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')

source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')

print(source)

try:

    logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')

except NoSuchElementException:

    print('NO LOGO')

browser.switch_to.parent_frame()

logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')

print(logo)

print(logo.text)

等待

隐式等待

当使用了隐式等待执行测试的时候，如果 WebDriver没有在 DOM中找到元素，将继续等待，超出设定时间后则抛出找不到元素的异常, 换句话说，当查找元素或元素并没有立即出现的时候，隐式等待将等待一段时间再查找 DOM，默认的时间是0

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.implicitly_wait(10)

browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')

input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')

print(input)

显式等待

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')

wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)

input = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'q')))

button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-search')))

print(input, button)

• title_is 标题是某内容
• title_contains 标题包含某内容
• presence_of_element_located 元素加载出，传入定位元组，如(By.ID, 'p')
• visibility_of_element_located 元素可见，传入定位元组
• visibility_of 可见，传入元素对象
• presence_of_all_elements_located 所有元素加载出
• text_to_be_present_in_element 某个元素文本包含某文字
• text_to_be_present_in_element_value 某个元素值包含某文字
• frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it frame加载并切换
• invisibility_of_element_located 元素不可见
• element_to_be_clickable 元素可点击
• staleness_of 判断一个元素是否仍在DOM，可判断页面是否已经刷新
• element_to_be_selected 元素可选择，传元素对象
• element_located_to_be_selected 元素可选择，传入定位元组
• element_selection_state_to_be 传入元素对象以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
• element_located_selection_state_to_be 传入定位元组以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
• alert_is_present 是否出现Alert

详细内容：http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions

前进后退

In [ ]:

import time

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.baidu.com/')

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')

browser.get('https://www.python.org/')

browser.back()

time.sleep(1)

browser.forward()

browser.close()

Cookies

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')

print(browser.get_cookies())

browser.add_cookie({'name': 'name', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'value': 'germey'})

print(browser.get_cookies())

browser.delete_all_cookies()

print(browser.get_cookies())

选项卡管理

In [ ]:

import time

from selenium import webdriver

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')

browser.execute_script('window.open()')

print(browser.window_handles)

browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[1])

browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')

time.sleep(1)

browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[0])

browser.get('https://python.org')

异常处理

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome() browser.get('https://www.baidu.com') browser.find_element_by_id('hello')

In [ ]:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException, NoSuchElementException

​

browser = webdriver.Chrome()

try:

    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')

except TimeoutException:

    print('Time Out')

try:

    browser.find_element_by_id('hello')

except NoSuchElementException:

    print('No Element')

finally:

    browser.close()