今天在虚拟机上安装ORACLE 出现了一系列的问题，现将这些记录下来
最开始用sqlplus登陆后，startup 开启数据提示ORA-01078错误
SQL> startup;
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/opt/oracle/product/10g/dbs/initorc1.ora'
ORACLE在启动的时候会首先去找spfile文件，如果没有则会去找pfile，但是2个文件都没有，所有报错
[oracle@node1 ~]$ ll /opt/oracle/product/10g/dbs/initorc1.ora
ls: /opt/oracle/product/10g/dbs/initorc1.ora: No such file or directory
使用默认的init.ora文件生成新的pfile文件
[oracle@node1 dbs]$ cp init.ora initorc1.ora
再尝试启动数据库，发现还是失败，提示shared pool memory太小了
SQL> startup;
ORA-00371: not enough shared pool memory, should be atleast 62198988 bytes
因为startup的时候是从pfile里读取shared pool memory值，所以手动修改为大于62198988的值
[oracle@node1 dbs]$ vim initorc1.ora
shared_pool_size = 70000000
再尝试，发现报新的错误 ORA-00205
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 104857600 bytes
Fixed Size 1217932 bytes
Variable Size 96471668 bytes
Database Buffers 4194304 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
因为最初控制文件是用的默认的，所有存在一些问题，把数据库sstartup到nomount状态，重建一个新的控制文件
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 104857600 bytes
Fixed Size 1217932 bytes
Variable Size 96471668 bytes
Database Buffers 4194304 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
SQL> create controlfile reuse database 'orcl' noresetlogs noarchivelog
2 maxlogfiles 16
3 maxlogmembers 3
4 maxdatafiles 100
5 maxinstances 8
6 maxloghistory 292
7 logfile
8 group 1 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log' size 50M,
9 group 2 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log' size 50M,
10 group 3 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log' size 50M
11 datafile
12 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf',
13 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf',
14 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf',
15 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf',
16 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf'
17 character set we8iso8859p1
18 ;
Control file created.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
问题：
如果有以下错误提示则需要在pfile加入compatible = 10.2.0.1.0
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01503: CREATE CONTROLFILE failed
ORA-01130: database file version 10.2.0.1.0 incompatible with ORACLE version
10.2.0.0.0
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf'
如果有一下提示重新恢复下数据文件
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01113: file 5 needs media recovery
ORA-01110: data file 5: '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf'
SQL> recover datafile '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf'
Media recovery complete.