• [转]shell 变量替换


    转自:http://blog.csdn.net/xuhongning/article/details/6191515

    1,参数替换:

                       不含有“:”的,只要定义了,就生效,不管是否为空

                       含有“:”的,即使定义了,但是为空就不生效

                       用来替换的内容可以是字符串、一个变量、命令的输出

                       被替换的内容是变量,如$a、$1等

             1)默认值替换,如果变量$var没有定义,则整体值为default字符串,但var变量本身并没有被设置:

                       ${var-default}                    如果var定义了,但为空,则还使用$var,即为空

                       ${var:-default}          如果var定义了,但为空,则使用default字符串

                       例如(以下例子为顺序执行):

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset b

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# a=                      # 定义了$a,但为空

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a-CBA}          # 用字符串CBA替换$a

                                                                     # 没有被替换,输出空,因为$a为空

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:-CBA}

                       CBA                                       # 已经被替换,没有输出空,使用了CBA来替换

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo $a            # 看一下$a的值是否被设置

                                                                     # 还是空,因为$a本身并没有被设置

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset a             # 删除$a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:-CBA}

                       CBA

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a-CBA}

                       CBA

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# b=CCC

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a-$b} # 用变量$b替换$a

                       CCC

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a-$(pwd)}     # 用命令pwd替换$a

                       /root

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       或者在脚本中使用:${1-deault}等

             2)默认值设置,包含默认值替换的所有功能(标准输出一样),不同在于,如果变量$var没有定义,则在输出default字符串的同时,$var也被设置成default字符串

                       ${var=default}           如果var定义了,但为空,则还使用$var,即为空

                       ${var:=default}                   如果var定义了,但为空,则将$var设置成default字符串

                       例如:

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset b

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# a=ABC

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a=CBA}

                       ABC

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo $a

                       ABC

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${b=CBA}       # $b没有值

                       CBA                                       # 则输出CBA,即被替换的值

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo $b

                       CBA                                       # 并且$b的值也被设置成了CBA

             3)已有变量替换(并非设置),和默认值替换相反

                       ${var+new_var}

                       ${var:+new_var}

                       例如:

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset b

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# a=ABC             # 定义了$a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a+CBA}

                       CBA                                       # 整体输出了CBA,被替换的值

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo $a

                       ABC                                       # $a本身并没有被设置

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${b+CBA}         # $b是一个不存在的变量

                                                                     # 输出空

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo $b

                                                                     # 输出空,证明$b本身没有被设置

             4)标准错误替换,当变量没有定义的时候,输出标准错误

                       ${a?}

                       ${a?:}

                       ${a?AAA} AAA为作为标准错误输出的内容

                       ${a?:AAA}

                       例如:

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset b

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# a=pwd

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a?}

                       pwd

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# ${a}

                       /root

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# ${a?}

                       /root

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# : ${a?}               # 空命令后面跟${a?},则无标准输出

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo $?

                       0                                            # 此时状态值为0,表示$a有值

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# ${b?}

                       -bash: b: parameter null or not set

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# : ${b?}

                       -bash: b: parameter null or not set

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${b?}

                       -bash: b: parameter null or not set

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# (${b?}) >/dev/null 2>&1

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo $?

                       1                                            # 以上这些的状态值都是1

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# ${b?AAA}

                       -bash: b: AAA                               # 错误信息变成了AAA

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       或者一种灵活的用法:

                       ${1?"Usage: $0 ARGUMENT"}

             2,字符串匹配处理:

             1)字符串长度:

                       ${#var}     表示$var的长度

                       ${#2}         表示脚本的第二个参数的长度

                       ${#@}       表示脚本的所有参数的个数,等效于$#

                       另外,数组中某个元素的长度 ${#array[n]}

             2)字符串的前后截取,pattern一般是个命令行glob,匹配的即为被去掉的字符:

                       ${var#pattern}                   最短头匹配截取

                       ${var##Pattern}                 最大头匹配截取

                       ${var%Pattern}                  最短尾匹配截取

                       ${var%%Pattern}               最大尾匹配截取

                       例如:

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# unset a

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# a=AAABBBCCC

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo $a

                       AAABBBCCC

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a#A}         # 并没有用glob,从头去掉一个“A”

                       AABBBCCC

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a#AA}

                       ABBBCCC

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a#AAA}

                       BBBCCC

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a##AAA}

                       BBBCCC                                        # 以上在没有glob的时候,#与##是相同的

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a%CC}     # 从尾去掉两个“C”(或者说一个“CC”)

                       AAABBBC

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a%%BBCCC}

                       AAAB                                             # %与%%的原理同上一样

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a#BB}

                       AAABBBCCC                                # 本是从头,但字符在中间就不行了

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a##*A}    # 这里用到了glob

                       BBBCCC                                        # 因为是最大头匹配,所以其中*A等效于AAA

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# a=/home/wwy/bin/ABS/zero.sh                  

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a%.*}       # 匹配右边数第一个“.”右边的字符

                       /home/wwy/bin/ABS/zero

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a%%.*}

                       /home/wwy/bin/ABS/zero                          # 因为只有一个“.”,所以%与%%是一样的

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a#*.}        # 匹配左边数第一个“.”左边的字符

                       sh

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a%/*}     # 最短尾匹配,从右往左看

                       /home/wwy/bin/ABS                          # /* 即为从右往左看的第一个/的右边

                       [root@fx_local2 ABS]# echo ${a##*/}     # 最长头匹配,从左往右看

                       zero.sh                                          # */ 即为从左往右看的最后一个/的左边

             3)字符串位置,postion为第几个位置,此位置前面的字符为被匹配的(被删除的),length表示剩下的字符的长度:

                       ${var:postion}  # 从左往右看,匹配postion位置之左的,留下之后的

                       ${var:(-postion)} # 从右往左看,匹配postion位置之左的,()是为了避免和${var-default}冲突

                       ${var:postion:length} # 匹配postion位置之前的同时,显示之后的长度为length

                      

                       例如:

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# a=123456789

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:5}

                       6789                                               # 第五个字符之前的被删除了(被匹配)

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:(-2)}

                       89                                          # 倒数第二个字符之前的被删除了(被匹配)

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:5:2} 

                       67                                          # 删除之后,只输出了剩下的前两位

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:5:0}

                                                                     # 这样就什么都不剩了

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:5:1}

                       6                                            # 只剩下第一个,此方法即,显示第五个字符

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# b=3

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a:`echo 5`:$b}      # 也可以这样     

                       678

                      

             4)字符串替换,分第一个替换和全局替换,前缀替换后缀替换,同样支持glob:

                       ${var/Pattern/Replacement}            # 第一次匹配的被替换,类似:sed 's/Pattern/Replacement/'

                       ${var//Pattern/Replacement}          # 全局的匹配被替换,类似:sed 's/Pattern/Replacement/g'

                       ${var#/prefix/Replacement}             # 前缀替换

                       ${var%/suffix/Replacement}             # 后缀替换

                       例如:

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# unset a

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# a=ABCxxABC

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a/x/X}  # 等效于:sed 's/x/X/'  <<<$a

                       ABCXxABC

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a//x/X}          # 等效于:sed 's/x/X/g' <<<$a

                       ABCXXABC

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a/#ABC/ZZZ}

                       ZZZxxABC                                     # 前面的ABC被替换

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${a/%ABC/ZZZ}

                       ABCxxZZZ                                     # 后面的ABC被替换

             5)得到变量名,输出所有前缀一样的变量名,不支持glob:

                      ${!var_prefix*} 或 ${!var_prefix@}

                      

                       例如:

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# xyz111=something # 第一两个变量,值随意

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# xyz222=something

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${!xyz*}  # 输出所有xyz为前缀的变量名

                       xyz111 xyz222

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${!xyz@}         # 同样的效果

                       xyz111 xyz222

                       #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------#

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# Axyz333=somthing

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${!xyz@}  

                       xyz111 xyz222                             # Axyz并没有输出

                       [root@fx_local2 ~]# echo ${!Axyz@}       # 应该这样

                       Axyz333

  • 相关阅读:
    Python下划线简介
    OneHot编码
    搜狗新闻原始数据处理
    2. mirth connect探索------------ cs模式客户端登录
    System.Net.WebException: 基础连接已经关闭: 未能为 SSL/TLS 安全通道建立信任关系。 ---> System.Security.Authentication.AuthenticationException: 根据验证过程,远程证书无效。
    python学习历程-安装篇(一)
    Python学习笔记(一)
    使用dva 搭建ant design mobile项目
    [error] OpenEvent("Global gx_stop_25184") failed (2: The system cannot find the file specified)
    nginx 上部署 react 项目
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/dorothychai/p/4489161.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知