解决共享资源竞争

synchronized：

public abstract class IntGenerator {
private volatile boolean canceled = false;
public abstract int next();
// Allow this to be canceled:
public void cancel() { canceled = true; }
public boolean isCanceled() { return canceled; }
} ///:~

public class
SynchronizedEvenGenerator extends IntGenerator {
private int currentEvenValue = 0;
public synchronized int next() {
++currentEvenValue;
Thread.yield(); // Cause failure faster
++currentEvenValue;
return currentEvenValue;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
EvenChecker.test(new SynchronizedEvenGenerator());
}
} ///:~

public class EvenChecker implements Runnable {
private IntGenerator generator;
private final int id;
public EvenChecker(IntGenerator g, int ident) {
generator = g;
id = ident;
}
public void run() {
while(!generator.isCanceled()) {
int val = generator.next();
if(val % 2 != 0) {
System.out.println(val + " not even!");
generator.cancel(); // Cancels all EvenCheckers
}
}
}
// Test any type of IntGenerator:
public static void test(IntGenerator gp, int count) {
System.out.println("Press Control-C to exit");
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
for(int i = 0; i < count; i++)
exec.execute(new EvenChecker(gp, i));
exec.shutdown();
}
// Default value for count:
public static void test(IntGenerator gp) {
test(gp, 10);
}
} ///:~

2.使用显示的Lock对象：

MutexEvenGenerator 添加被互斥调用的锁：

public class MutexEvenGenerator extends IntGenerator {
private int currentEvenValue = 0;
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public int next() {
lock.lock();
try {
++currentEvenValue;
Thread.yield(); // Cause failure faster
++currentEvenValue;
return currentEvenValue;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
EvenChecker.test(new MutexEvenGenerator());
}
} ///:~

使用Lock可以在异常抛出做finally清理工作，而synchronized不行。但用户用synchronized出现错误概率低，只有在解决特殊问题才用Lock(可以尝试获取锁，没有获取到可以做其他事情)

public class AttemptLocking {
private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();

public AttemptLocking(){
System.out.println("xxxx");
}
public void untimed() {
boolean captured = lock.tryLock();
try {
System.out.println("tryLock(): " + captured);
} finally {
if(captured)
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void timed() {
boolean captured = false;
try {
captured = lock.tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
try {
System.out.println("tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): " +
captured);
} finally {
if(captured)
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final AttemptLocking al = new AttemptLocking();
al.untimed(); // True -- lock is available
al.timed(); // True -- lock is available
// Now create a separate task to grab the lock:
new Thread() {
{ setDaemon(true); }
public void run() {
al.lock.lock();
System.out.println("acquired");
}
}.start();
Thread.yield(); // Give the 2nd task a chance
al.untimed(); // False -- lock grabbed by task
al.timed(); // False -- lock grabbed by task
}
} /* Output:
tryLock(): true
tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): true
acquired
tryLock(): false
tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): false
*///:~