python项目打包（一） setup.py、Python源代码项目结构

setup.py的官方说明文档

• distutils安装脚本编写说明
  打开上面的链接之后，你可以选择Python的版本、以及文档的语言。
• setuptools安装脚本编写说明 [推荐使用]

建议查看下面两篇博客查看具体案例：

• python项目打包（二）------ 利用setup.py打包项目 https://www.cnblogs.com/dan-baishucaizi/p/14340712.html
• python项目打包（三）------ 利用cx_Freeze打包项目为含环境的应用

setuptools安装脚本官方教程解读

打包和分发的需求

首先你的有Python环境(这不是废话嘛)，环境的具体要求如下：

• 命令行python可执行，可以使用 python --version 测试
• 命令行pip是可执行命令，可以使用 pip --version 测试
  如果显示没有安装，就使用引导：python -m ensurepip --default-pip
• 确保你的pip、setuptools、wheel是最新的
  使用命令：python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel 进行更新

如果你要上传你的包到PYPI，那么你得下载twine这个包
shell pip install twine

配置你的项目

当开始关注setup.py时，requirements.txt自不必多说，这里的requirements.txt文件、your package下的目录结构是我添加的，非官方示例，你可以自由选择。上面的项目示意图是我建议的源代码目录结构

setup.py

首先得有setup.py，且此文件需要放置在项目的根目录下。下面是Python的示例项目：

看到这，我们应该知道这个文件是干嘛的，不然你咋看到这的，迷路了吗？当年写好这个文件后，我们可以使用下面的命令查看哪些参数我们可以使用。

这个结果和具体项目有关，不同的setup.py文件结果不一样！

setup.cfg文件

setup.cfg主要记录setup.py的一些默认选项。
EasyOCR这个项目里面的setup.cfg配置信息如下：

[metadata]
description-file = README.md

更多信息，等待更新……

README文档

所有项目都应该包含一个包含项目目标的自述文件。最常见的是使用restructedText(rst格式)，当然这不是必须的，目前很多项目都使用Markdown文档，至少在GitHub上面，我的使用范围内这更常见！

MANIFEST.in文档

MANIFEST.in文件是被需要的，当你要打包没有包含在发行源里的文件时，需要将这些路径罗列出来。同样以EasyOCR为例，它的MANIFEST.in文件内容为：

include LICENSE.txt
include README.md

include easyocr/model/*
include easyocr/character/*
include easyocr/dict/*

LICENSE.txt文件

每个软件包都应该包含一个许可证文件，详细说明分发条款。在许多司法管辖区，没有明确许可证的软件包不能由版权所有者以外的任何人合法使用或分发。我知道你的项目都不想给我们使用，不过万一你突然想开源一个项目呢？在GitHub中会经常看见Apache、GPL、MIT等协议，这些协议对应的不同的权限，不知道怎么写这部分，可以参考Choose an open source license。

你的项目文件

这个文件夹是个性化的，不同的项目有不同的名字及结构，但是对于同一个公司或者个人，你的项目最好采用统一的源代码结构规范，无规矩不成方圆。

setup.py内部函数setup介绍

setup.py文件包含了一个全局的setup函数，看具体参数之前我们先看看官方示例与EasyOCR的setup.py文件

官方示例

```python
"""A setuptools based setup module.
See:
https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/
https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject
"""

# Always prefer setuptools over distutils
from setuptools import setup, find_packages
import pathlib

here = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.resolve()

# Get the long description from the README file
long_description = (here / 'README.md').read_text(encoding='utf-8')

# Arguments marked as "Required" below must be included for upload to PyPI.
# Fields marked as "Optional" may be commented out.

setup(
    # This is the name of your project. The first time you publish this
    # package, this name will be registered for you. It will determine how
    # users can install this project, e.g.:
    #
    # $ pip install sampleproject
    #
    # And where it will live on PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/sampleproject/
    #
    # There are some restrictions on what makes a valid project name
    # specification here:
    # https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#name
    name='sampleproject',  # Required

    # Versions should comply with PEP 440:
    # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/
    #
    # For a discussion on single-sourcing the version across setup.py and the
    # project code, see
    # https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/single_source_version.html
    version='2.0.0',  # Required

    # This is a one-line description or tagline of what your project does. This
    # corresponds to the "Summary" metadata field:
    # https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary
    description='A sample Python project',  # Optional

    # This is an optional longer description of your project that represents
    # the body of text which users will see when they visit PyPI.
    #
    # Often, this is the same as your README, so you can just read it in from
    # that file directly (as we have already done above)
    #
    # This field corresponds to the "Description" metadata field:
    # https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description-optional
    long_description=long_description,  # Optional

    # Denotes that our long_description is in Markdown; valid values are
    # text/plain, text/x-rst, and text/markdown
    #
    # Optional if long_description is written in reStructuredText (rst) but
    # required for plain-text or Markdown; if unspecified, "applications should
    # attempt to render [the long_description] as text/x-rst; charset=UTF-8 and
    # fall back to text/plain if it is not valid rst" (see link below)
    #
    # This field corresponds to the "Description-Content-Type" metadata field:
    # https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description-content-type-optional
    long_description_content_type='text/markdown',  # Optional (see note above)

    # This should be a valid link to your project's main homepage.
    #
    # This field corresponds to the "Home-Page" metadata field:
    # https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#home-page-optional
    url='https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject',  # Optional

    # This should be your name or the name of the organization which owns the
    # project.
    author='A. Random Developer',  # Optional

    # This should be a valid email address corresponding to the author listed
    # above.
    author_email='author@example.com',  # Optional

    # Classifiers help users find your project by categorizing it.
    #
    # For a list of valid classifiers, see https://pypi.org/classifiers/
    classifiers=[  # Optional
        # How mature is this project? Common values are
        #   3 - Alpha
        #   4 - Beta
        #   5 - Production/Stable
        'Development Status :: 3 - Alpha',

        # Indicate who your project is intended for
        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
        'Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools',

        # Pick your license as you wish
        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',

        # Specify the Python versions you support here. In particular, ensure
        # that you indicate you support Python 3. These classifiers are *not*
        # checked by 'pip install'. See instead 'python_requires' below.
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only',
    ],

    # This field adds keywords for your project which will appear on the
    # project page. What does your project relate to?
    #
    # Note that this is a list of additional keywords, separated
    # by commas, to be used to assist searching for the distribution in a
    # larger catalog.
    keywords='sample, setuptools, development',  # Optional

    # When your source code is in a subdirectory under the project root, e.g.
    # `src/`, it is necessary to specify the `package_dir` argument.
    package_dir={'': 'src'},  # Optional

    # You can just specify package directories manually here if your project is
    # simple. Or you can use find_packages().
    #
    # Alternatively, if you just want to distribute a single Python file, use
    # the `py_modules` argument instead as follows, which will expect a file
    # called `my_module.py` to exist:
    #
    #   py_modules=["my_module"],
    #
    packages=find_packages(where='src'),  # Required

    # Specify which Python versions you support. In contrast to the
    # 'Programming Language' classifiers above, 'pip install' will check this
    # and refuse to install the project if the version does not match. See
    # https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/#python-requires
    python_requires='>=3.5, <4',

    # This field lists other packages that your project depends on to run.
    # Any package you put here will be installed by pip when your project is
    # installed, so they must be valid existing projects.
    #
    # For an analysis of "install_requires" vs pip's requirements files see:
    # https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/requirements.html
    install_requires=['peppercorn'],  # Optional

    # List additional groups of dependencies here (e.g. development
    # dependencies). Users will be able to install these using the "extras"
    # syntax, for example:
    #
    #   $ pip install sampleproject[dev]
    #
    # Similar to `install_requires` above, these must be valid existing
    # projects.
    extras_require={  # Optional
        'dev': ['check-manifest'],
        'test': ['coverage'],
    },

    # If there are data files included in your packages that need to be
    # installed, specify them here.
    package_data={  # Optional
        'sample': ['package_data.dat'],
    },

    # Although 'package_data' is the preferred approach, in some case you may
    # need to place data files outside of your packages. See:
    # http://docs.python.org/distutils/setupscript.html#installing-additional-files
    #
    # In this case, 'data_file' will be installed into '<sys.prefix>/my_data'
    data_files=[('my_data', ['data/data_file'])],  # Optional

    # To provide executable scripts, use entry points in preference to the
    # "scripts" keyword. Entry points provide cross-platform support and allow
    # `pip` to create the appropriate form of executable for the target
    # platform.
    #
    # For example, the following would provide a command called `sample` which
    # executes the function `main` from this package when invoked:
    entry_points={  # Optional
        'console_scripts': [
            'sample=sample:main',
        ],
    },

    # List additional URLs that are relevant to your project as a dict.
    #
    # This field corresponds to the "Project-URL" metadata fields:
    # https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#project-url-multiple-use
    #
    # Examples listed include a pattern for specifying where the package tracks
    # issues, where the source is hosted, where to say thanks to the package
    # maintainers, and where to support the project financially. The key is
    # what's used to render the link text on PyPI.
    project_urls={  # Optional
        'Bug Reports': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject/issues',
        'Funding': 'https://donate.pypi.org',
        'Say Thanks!': 'http://saythanks.io/to/example',
        'Source': 'https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject/',
    },
)
```

EasyOCR示例

```python
"""
End-to-End Multi-Lingual Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Solution
"""

from setuptools import setup
from io import open

with open('requirements.txt', encoding="utf-8-sig") as f:
    requirements = f.readlines()

def readme():
    with open('README.md', encoding="utf-8-sig") as f:
        README = f.read()
    return README

setup(
    name='easyocr',
    packages=['easyocr'],
    include_package_data=True,
    version='1.1.7',
    install_requires=requirements,
    entry_points={"console_scripts": ["easyocr= easyocr.cli:main"]},
    license='Apache License 2.0',
    description='End-to-End Multi-Lingual Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Solution',
    long_description=readme(),
    long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
    author='Rakpong Kittinaradorn',
    author_email='r.kittinaradorn@gmail.com',
    url='https://github.com/jaidedai/easyocr',
    download_url='https://github.com/jaidedai/easyocr.git',
    keywords=['ocr optical character recognition deep learning neural network'],
    classifiers=[
        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable'
    ],
)
```

上面我们初步认识了setup.py文件，下面重点看一下setup函数。

参数name

此参数是你的项目名字，项目命名简洁一些，不要花里胡哨，分割符“-”、“_”、“.”等用一个就好，多了它也认为是一个冗余，搜索时相似的结构都会指向同一对象。

参数version

指定项目的版本号，如：version='1.2.0'，

参数description

项目的详细描述

description='A sample Python project',
long_description=long_description,
long_description_content_type='text/x-rst',

参数url

你的项目主页