• 【清华集训2016】石家庄的工人阶级队伍比较坚强 与 二次剩余


    还是这道题,上次的

    但是这次学了科技,回来贴板了。

    这篇 blog orz

    这里简单讲一下,就是互质的直接 CRT,对于素数的 K 次幂,分类讨论。

    考虑递推上去(类似牛顿迭代这种)

    对于 (x ^ 2 equiv a pmod {p^{K-1}}),显然有 (left(x + y p^{K-1} ight)^2 equiv a pmod {p ^ K})

    然后显然可以解出 (y)

    实际上对于 (p eq 2) 另外还有一个很优秀的做法。

    先让 (x)(p^k) 互质了,那么就把 (p) 提出,且提出的是 (p) 的偶数次幂。

    考虑 (x ^ 2 - a equiv 0 pmod p),即 (x ^ 2 - a = kp),那么有 (left(x ^ 2 - a ight)^K equiv 0 pmod {p^K})

    我们设 (left(x - sqrt{a} ight)^K equiv u - vsqrt{a} pmod {p^K}),那么有 (left(x + sqrt{a} ight)^K equiv u + vsqrt{a} pmod {p^K})

    直接扩域快速幂可以算出来,可以得到 (sqrt{a} = u imes v^{-1} pmod {p^K})

    #include <bits/stdc++.h>
    
    const int MAXN = 531441;
    typedef long long LL;
    typedef long double LD;
    
    namespace NumberTheory {
    	std::mt19937_64 rd(time(0) + (unsigned long) new char);
    	typedef std::pair<LL, int> fac;
    	typedef std::pair<LL, LL> dbp;
    	void reduce(LL & x, const LL P) { x += x >> 63 & P; }
    	inline LL mul(LL x, LL y, LL P) {
    		LL t = x * y - (LL) ((LD) x * y / P + 0.5) * P;
    		return t + (t >> 63 & P);
    	}
    	inline LL fastpow(LL a, LL b, LL P, LL res = 1) {
    		for (; b; b >>= 1, a = mul(a, a, P)) if (b & 1)
    			res = mul(res, a, P);
    		return res;
    	}
    	inline LL fastpow(LL a, LL b) {
    		LL res = 1;
    		for (; b; b >>= 1, a *= a) if (b & 1) res *= a;
    		return res;
    	}
    	LL gcd(LL a, LL b) { return b ? gcd(b, a % b) : a; }
    	namespace Prime {
    		const int PL = 8;
    		const LL li[PL] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 82, 373};
    		const int MAXS = 100000;
    		int pri[MAXS / 10], ptot; bool npri[MAXS + 1];
    		void sieve() {
    			*npri = npri[1] = true;
    			for (int i = 2; i <= MAXS; ++i) {
    				if (!npri[i]) pri[++ptot] = i;
    				for (int j = 1; j <= ptot; ++j) {
    					int t = i * pri[j];
    					if (t > MAXS) break;
    					npri[t] = true;
    					if (i % pri[j] == 0) break;
    				}
    			}
    		}
    		bool MillerRabin(LL x) {
    			if (x <= MAXS) return !npri[x];
    			for (int i = 0; i != PL; ++i) {
    				if (x == li[i]) return true;
    				if (fastpow(li[i], x - 1, x) != 1) return false;
    				LL now = x - 1;
    				while (~now & 1) {
    					now >>= 1;
    					LL t = fastpow(li[i], now, x);
    					if (t != 1 && t != x - 1) return false;
    					if (t == x - 1) break;
    				}
    			}
    			return true;
    		}
    	}
    	namespace Factor {
    		LL Pollard(LL x) {
    			LL x1 = rd() % (x - 1) + 1, x2 = x1;
    			LL C = rd() % (x - 1) + 1, mx = 1;
    			int lst = 1, stp = 0;
    			while (true) {
    				x2 = mul(x2, x2, x);
    				reduce(x2 += C - x, x);
    				if (x1 == x2) return x;
    				LL t = mul(x2 - x1 + x, mx, x);
    				if (t) mx = t;
    				if ((stp & 127) == 0) {
    					t = gcd(mx, x); mx = 1;
    					if (t != 1) return t;
    				}
    				if (++stp == lst) lst <<= 1, x1 = x2;
    			}
    		}
    		std::map<LL, int> li;
    		void _factor(LL x, int v = 1) {
    			if (x == 1) return ;
    			if (Prime::MillerRabin(x)) { li[x] += v; return ; }
    			LL t;
    			do t = Pollard(x); while (t >= x);
    			int lv = 0;
    			while (x % t == 0) lv += v, x /= t;
    			_factor(t, lv); _factor(x, v);
    		}
    		std::vector<fac> factor(LL x) {
    			_factor(x);
    			std::vector<fac> res;
    			for (auto t : li)
    				res.emplace_back(t.first, t.second);
    			li.clear();
    			return res;
    		}
    	}
    	struct complex {
    		static LL mod, omega;
    		LL real, imag;
    		complex() { real = imag = 0; }
    		complex(LL a, LL b) { real = a, imag = b; }
    		complex operator + (complex b) {
    			complex res = *this;
    			reduce(res.real += b.real - mod, mod);
    			reduce(res.imag += b.imag - mod, mod);
    			return res;
    		}
    		complex operator * (complex b) {
    			complex res;
    			reduce(res.real = mul(real, b.real, mod) + mul(omega, mul(imag, b.imag, mod), mod) - mod, mod);
    			reduce(res.imag = mul(real, b.imag, mod) + mul(imag, b.real, mod) - mod, mod);
    			return res;
    		}
    	} ;
    	LL complex::mod = 0;
    	LL complex::omega = 0;
    	complex fastpow(complex a, LL b, complex res = complex(1, 0)) {
    		for (; b; b >>= 1, a = a * a) if (b & 1) res = res * a;
    		return res;
    	}
    	LL exgcd(LL a, LL b, LL & x, LL & y) {
    		if (!b) return x = 1, y = 0, a;
    		else {
    			LL t = exgcd(b, a % b, y, x);
    			y -= a / b * x;
    			return t;
    		}
    	}
    	LL INV(LL x, LL mod) {
    		LL ta, tb;
    		exgcd(x, mod, ta, tb);
    		reduce(ta, mod);
    		return ta;
    	}
    	namespace CRT {
    		void _CRT(LL & x, LL & a, LL x1, LL a1) {
    			LL G = gcd(x, x1);
    			const LL K = mul((a1 - a + x1) / G, INV(x / G, x1 / G), x1 / G);
    			const LL mod = x / G * x1;
    			reduce(a += mul(K, x, mod) - mod, mod);
    			x = mod;
    		}
    		LL CRT(std::vector<dbp> V) {
    			LL x, a; x = a = 0;
    			for (auto t : V) {
    				LL tx = t.first, ta = t.second;
    				x ? _CRT(x, a, tx, ta) : (void) (x = tx, a = ta);
    			}
    			return a;
    		}
    	}
    	namespace Quadratic {
    		LL Cipolla(LL x, LL mod) {
    			LL a, t;
    			do
    				a = rd() % mod, reduce(t = mul(a, a, mod) - x, mod);
    			while (fastpow(t, mod - 1 >> 1, mod) != mod - 1) ;
    			complex::mod = mod, complex::omega = t;
    			complex res = fastpow(complex(a, 1), mod + 1 >> 1);
    			return res.real;
    		}
    		LL _solvep(LL a, LL P, int K) {
    			LL _ = a % P;
    			if (fastpow(_, P - 1 >> 1, P) == P - 1) return -1;
    			LL x = Cipolla(_, P);
    			const LL mod = fastpow(P, K);
    			complex::omega = a, complex::mod = mod;
    			complex t1 = fastpow(complex(x, P - 1), K);
    			complex t2 = fastpow(complex(x, 1), K);
    			const LL iv2 = P + 1 >> 1;
    			LL u = mul(t1.real + t2.real, iv2, mod);
    			LL v = mul(t2.imag - t1.imag + mod, iv2, mod);
    			LL res = mul(u, INV(v, mod), mod);
    			return res;
    		}
    		LL solve2(LL a, int K) {
    			LL lst = 1, x = 1, now;
    			for (int i = 2; i <= K; ++i, lst <<= 1) {
    				now = lst << 2;
    				if (mul(x, x, now) == a % now) continue;
    				reduce(x -= lst, now);
    				if (mul(x, x, now) != a % now) return -1;
    			}
    			return x;
    		}
    		LL solvep(LL x, LL P, int K) {
    			x %= fastpow(P, K); int t = 0;
    			if (x == 0) return 0;
    			while (x % P == 0) x /= P, ++t;
    			if (t & 1) return -1;
    			LL res = P == 2 ? solve2(x, K - t) : _solvep(x, P, K - t);
    			if (res == -1) return res;
    			return fastpow(P, t >> 1) * res;
    		}
    		std::vector<fac> li;
    		void init(LL mod) { li = Factor::factor(mod); }
    		LL solve(LL x) {
    			std::vector<dbp> tx;
    			for (auto t : li) {
    				LL tv;
    				tv = solvep(x, t.first, t.second);
    				if (tv == -1) return -1;
    				tx.emplace_back(fastpow(t.first, t.second), tv);
    			}
    			return CRT::CRT(tx);
    		}
    	}
    	void init(LL mod) {
    		Prime::sieve();
    		Quadratic::init(mod);
    	}
    }
    
    int m, T, mod, pw3[13], N;
    void reduce(int & x) { x += x >> 31 & mod; }
    int mul(int a, int b) { return (LL) a * b % mod; }
    int fastpow(int a, int b) {
    	int res = 1;
    	for (; b; b >>= 1, a = mul(a, a)) if (b & 1) res = mul(res, a);
    	return res;
    }
    
    int W, Ws;
    void FWT(int * A, int typ) {
    	const int Wn = typ == 1 ? W : Ws;
    	const int Wns = typ == 1 ? Ws : W;
    	for (int mid = 1; mid != N; mid *= 3)
    		for (int k = 0; k != N; k += mid * 3)
    			for (int l = 0; l != mid; ++l) {
    				int & x = A[l + k], & y = A[l + k + mid], & z = A[l + k + mid * 2];
    				int ta = (x + (unsigned) y + z) % mod;
    				int tb = (x + (LL) y * Wn + (LL) z * Wns) % mod;
    				int tc = (x + (LL) y * Wns + (LL) z * Wn) % mod;
    				x = ta, y = tb, z = tc;
    			}
    }
    
    int A[MAXN], B[MAXN], tr[20][20];
    int get(int x, int y) {
    	int res = 0;
    	while (x) res += x % 3 == y, x /= 3;
    	return res;
    }
    int main() {
    	std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false), std::cin.tie(0);
    	std::cin >> m >> T >> mod;
    	NumberTheory::init(mod);
    	pw3[0] = 1;
    	for (int i = 1; i != 13; ++i) pw3[i] = pw3[i - 1] * 3;
    	N = pw3[m];
    	const int S3 = NumberTheory::Quadratic::solve((mod - 3 % mod) % mod);
    	if (mod == 5) {
    		std::cout << "2
    1
    1
    ";
    		return 0;
    	}
    	assert(S3 != -1);
    	const int iv2 = mod + 1 >> 1;
    	const int iv3 = mul(mod % 3 == 1 ? 1 : iv2, mod - mod / 3);
    	const int liminv = fastpow(iv3, m);
    	W = ((LL) S3 - 1 + mod) % mod * iv2 % mod;
    	Ws = mul(W, W);
    	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) std::cin >> A[i];
    	for (int i = 0; i <= m; ++i)
    		for (int j = 0; j + i <= m; ++j)
    			std::cin >> tr[i][j];
    	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
    		B[i] = tr[get(i, 1)][get(i, 2)];
    	FWT(A, 1); FWT(B, 1);
    	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
    		A[i] = mul(A[i], fastpow(B[i], T));
    	FWT(A, -1);
    	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) A[i] = mul(A[i], liminv);
    	for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) std::cout << A[i] << '
    ';
    	return 0;
    }
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/daklqw/p/11670338.html
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