转自:http://blog.csdn.net/androidlushangderen/article/details/41142795
上篇我刚刚学习完,Spilt的过程,还算比较简单的了,接下来学习的就是Map操作的过程了,Map和Reduce一样,是整个MapReduce的重要内容,所以,这一篇,我会好好的讲讲里面的内部实现过程。首先要说,MapTask,分为4种,可能这一点上有人就可能知道了,分别是Job-setup Task,Job-cleanup Task,Task-cleanup和Map Task。前面3个都是辅助性质的任务,不是本文分析的重点,我讲的就是里面的最最重要的MapTask。
MapTask的整个过程分为5个阶段:
Read----->Map------>Collect------->Spill------>Combine
来张时序图,简单明了:
在后面的代码分析中,你会看到各自方法的调用过程。
在分析整个过程之前,得先了解里面的一些内部结构,MapTask类作为Map Task的一个载体,他的类关系如下:
我们调用的就是里面的run方法,开启map任务,相应的代码:
- /**
- * mapTask主要执行流程
- */
- @Override
- public void run(final JobConf job, final TaskUmbilicalProtocol umbilical)
- throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, InterruptedException {
- this.umbilical = umbilical;
- // start thread that will handle communication with parent
- //发送task任务报告,与父进程做交流
- TaskReporter reporter = new TaskReporter(getProgress(), umbilical,
- jvmContext);
- reporter.startCommunicationThread();
- //判断用的是新的MapReduceAPI还是旧的API
- boolean useNewApi = job.getUseNewMapper();
- initialize(job, getJobID(), reporter, useNewApi);
- // check if it is a cleanupJobTask
- //map任务有4种,Job-setup Task, Job-cleanup Task, Task-cleanup Task和MapTask
- if (jobCleanup) {
- //这里执行的是Job-cleanup Task
- runJobCleanupTask(umbilical, reporter);
- return;
- }
- if (jobSetup) {
- //这里执行的是Job-setup Task
- runJobSetupTask(umbilical, reporter);
- return;
- }
- if (taskCleanup) {
- //这里执行的是Task-cleanup Task
- runTaskCleanupTask(umbilical, reporter);
- return;
- }
- //如果前面3个任务都不是,执行的就是最主要的MapTask,根据新老API调用不同的方法
- if (useNewApi) {
- runNewMapper(job, splitMetaInfo, umbilical, reporter);
- } else {
- //我们关注一下老的方法实现splitMetaInfo为Spilt分片的信息,由于上步骤的InputFormat过程传入的
- runOldMapper(job, splitMetaInfo, umbilical, reporter);
- }
- done(umbilical, reporter);
- }
在这里我研究的都是旧的API所以往runOldMapper里面跳。在这里我要插入一句,后面的执行都会围绕着一个叫Mapper的东西,就是用户执行map函数的一个代理称呼一样,他可以完全自己重写map的背后的过程,也可以用系统自带的mapp流程。
系统已经给了MapRunner的具体实现:
- public void run(RecordReader<K1, V1> input, OutputCollector<K2, V2> output,
- Reporter reporter)
- throws IOException {
- try {
- // allocate key & value instances that are re-used for all entries
- K1 key = input.createKey();
- V1 value = input.createValue();
- //从RecordReader中获取每个键值对,调用用户写的map函数
- while (input.next(key, value)) {
- // map pair to output
- //调用用户写的map函数
- mapper.map(key, value, output, reporter);
- if(incrProcCount) {
- reporter.incrCounter(SkipBadRecords.COUNTER_GROUP,
- SkipBadRecords.COUNTER_MAP_PROCESSED_RECORDS, 1);
- }
- }
- } finally {
- //结束了关闭mapper
- mapper.close();
- }
- }
从这里我们可以看出Map的过程就是迭代式的重复的执行用户定义的Map函数操作。好了,有了这些前提,我们可以往里深入的学习了刚刚说到了runOldMapper方法,里面马上要进行的就是Map Task的第一个过程Read。
Read阶段的作业就是从RecordReader中读取出一个个key-value,准备给后面的map过程执行map函数操作。
- //获取输入inputSplit信息
- InputSplit inputSplit = getSplitDetails(new Path(splitIndex.getSplitLocation()),
- splitIndex.getStartOffset());
- updateJobWithSplit(job, inputSplit);
- reporter.setInputSplit(inputSplit);
- //是否是跳过错误记录模式,获取RecordReader
- RecordReader<INKEY,INVALUE> in = isSkipping() ?
- new SkippingRecordReader<INKEY,INVALUE>(inputSplit, umbilical, reporter) :
- new TrackedRecordReader<INKEY,INVALUE>(inputSplit, job, reporter);
后面的就是Map阶段,把值取出来之后,就要给Mapper去执行里面的run方法了,run方法里面会调用用户自己实现的map函数,之前也都是分析过了的。在用户编写的map的尾部,一般会调用collect.collect()方法,把处理后的key-value输出,这个时候,也就来到了collect阶段。
- runner.run(in, new OldOutputCollector(collector, conf), reporter);
之后进行的是Collect阶段主要的操作时什么呢,就是把一堆堆的key-value进行分区输出到环形缓冲区中,这是的数据仅仅放在内存中,还没有写到磁盘中。在collect这个过程中涉及的东西还比较多,看一下结构关系图;
里面有个partitioner的成员变量,专门用于获取key-value的的分区号,默认是通过key的哈希取模运算,得到分区号的,当然你可以自定义实现,如果不分区的话partition就是等于-1。
- /**
- * Since the mapred and mapreduce Partitioners don't share a common interface
- * (JobConfigurable is deprecated and a subtype of mapred.Partitioner), the
- * partitioner lives in Old/NewOutputCollector. Note that, for map-only jobs,
- * the configured partitioner should not be called. It's common for
- * partitioners to compute a result mod numReduces, which causes a div0 error
- */
- private static class OldOutputCollector<K,V> implements OutputCollector<K,V> {
- private final Partitioner<K,V> partitioner;
- private final MapOutputCollector<K,V> collector;
- private final int numPartitions;
- @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
- OldOutputCollector(MapOutputCollector<K,V> collector, JobConf conf) {
- numPartitions = conf.getNumReduceTasks();
- if (numPartitions > 0) {
- //如果分区数大于0,则反射获取系统配置方法,默认哈希去模,用户可以自己实现字节的分区方法
- //因为是RPC传来的,所以采用反射
- partitioner = (Partitioner<K,V>)
- ReflectionUtils.newInstance(conf.getPartitionerClass(), conf);
- } else {
- //如果分区数为0,说明不进行分区
- partitioner = new Partitioner<K,V>() {
- @Override
- public void configure(JobConf job) { }
- @Override
- public int getPartition(K key, V value, int numPartitions) {
- //分区号直接返回-1代表不分区处理
- return -1;
- }
- };
- }
- this.collector = collector;
- }
- .....
collect的代理调用实现方法如下,注意此时还不是真正调用:
- .....
- @Override
- public void collect(K key, V value) throws IOException {
- try {
- //具体通过collect方法分区写入内存,调用partitioner.getPartition获取分区号
- //缓冲区为环形缓冲区
- collector.collect(key, value,
- partitioner.getPartition(key, value, numPartitions));
- } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
- Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
- throw new IOException("interrupt exception", ie);
- }
- }
这里的collector指的是上面代码中的MapOutputCollector对象,开放给用调用的是OldOutputCollector,但是我们看看代码:
- interface MapOutputCollector<K, V> {
- public void collect(K key, V value, int partition
- ) throws IOException, InterruptedException;
- public void close() throws IOException, InterruptedException;
- public void flush() throws IOException, InterruptedException,
- ClassNotFoundException;
- }
他只是一个接口,真正的实现是谁呢?这个时候应该回头看一下代码:
- private <INKEY,INVALUE,OUTKEY,OUTVALUE>
- void runOldMapper(final JobConf job,
- final TaskSplitIndex splitIndex,
- final TaskUmbilicalProtocol umbilical,
- TaskReporter reporter
- ) throws IOException, InterruptedException,
- ClassNotFoundException {
- ...
- int numReduceTasks = conf.getNumReduceTasks();
- LOG.info("numReduceTasks: " + numReduceTasks);
- MapOutputCollector collector = null;
- if (numReduceTasks > 0) {
- //如果存在ReduceTask,则将数据存入MapOutputBuffer环形缓冲
- collector = new MapOutputBuffer(umbilical, job, reporter);
- } else {
- //如果没有ReduceTask任务的存在,直接写入把操作结果写入HDFS作为最终结果
- collector = new DirectMapOutputCollector(umbilical, job, reporter);
- }
- MapRunnable<INKEY,INVALUE,OUTKEY,OUTVALUE> runner =
- ReflectionUtils.newInstance(job.getMapRunnerClass(), job);
- try {
- runner.run(in, new OldOutputCollector(collector, conf), reporter);
- .....
分为2种情况当有Reduce任务时,collector为MapOutputBuffer,没有Reduce任务时为DirectMapOutputCollector,从这里也能明白,作者考虑的很周全呢,没有Reduce直接写入HDFS,效率会高很多。也就是说,最终的collect方法就是MapOutputBuffer的方法了。
因为collect的操作时将数据存入环形缓冲区,这意味着,用户对数据的读写都是在同个缓冲区上的,所以为了避免出现脏数据的现象,一定会做额外处理,这里作者用了和BlockingQueue类似的操作,用一个ReetrantLocj,获取2个锁控制条件,一个为spillDone
,一个为spillReady,同个condition的await,signal方法实现丢缓冲区的读写控制。
- .....
- private final ReentrantLock spillLock = new ReentrantLock();
- private final Condition spillDone = spillLock.newCondition();
- private final Condition spillReady = spillLock.newCondition();
- .....
然后看collect的方法:
- public synchronized void collect(K key, V value, int partition
- ) throws IOException {
- .....
- try {
- // serialize key bytes into buffer
- int keystart = bufindex;
- keySerializer.serialize(key);
- if (bufindex < keystart) {
- // wrapped the key; reset required
- bb.reset();
- keystart = 0;
- }
- // serialize value bytes into buffer
- final int valstart = bufindex;
- valSerializer.serialize(value);
- int valend = bb.markRecord();
- if (partition < 0 || partition >= partitions) {
- throw new IOException("Illegal partition for " + key + " (" +
- partition + ")");
- }
- ....
至于环形缓冲区的结构,不是本文的重点,结构设计还是比较复杂的,大家可以自行学习。当环形缓冲区内的数据渐渐地被填满之后,会出现"溢写"操作,就是把缓冲中的数据写到磁盘DISK中,这个过程就是后面的Spill阶段了。
Spill的阶段会时不时的穿插在collect的执行过程中。
- ...
- if (kvstart == kvend && kvsoftlimit) {
- LOG.info("Spilling map output: record full = " + kvsoftlimit);
- startSpill();
- }
如果开头kvstart的位置等kvend的位置,说明转了一圈有到头了,数据已经满了的状态,开始spill溢写操作。
- private synchronized void startSpill() {
- LOG.info("bufstart = " + bufstart + "; bufend = " + bufmark +
- "; bufvoid = " + bufvoid);
- LOG.info("kvstart = " + kvstart + "; kvend = " + kvindex +
- "; length = " + kvoffsets.length);
- kvend = kvindex;
- bufend = bufmark;
- spillReady.signal();
- }
会触发condition的信号量操作:
- private synchronized void startSpill() {
- LOG.info("bufstart = " + bufstart + "; bufend = " + bufmark +
- "; bufvoid = " + bufvoid);
- LOG.info("kvstart = " + kvstart + "; kvend = " + kvindex +
- "; length = " + kvoffsets.length);
- kvend = kvindex;
- bufend = bufmark;
- spillReady.signal();
- }
就会跑到了SpillThead这个地方执行sortAndSpill方法:
- spillThreadRunning = true;
- try {
- while (true) {
- spillDone.signal();
- while (kvstart == kvend) {
- spillReady.await();
- }
- try {
- spillLock.unlock();
- //当缓冲区溢出时,写到磁盘中
- sortAndSpill();
sortAndSpill里面会对数据做写入文件操作写入之前还会有sort排序操作,数据多了还会进行一定的combine合并操作。
- private void sortAndSpill() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException,
- InterruptedException {
- ......
- try {
- // create spill file
- final SpillRecord spillRec = new SpillRecord(partitions);
- final Path filename =
- mapOutputFile.getSpillFileForWrite(numSpills, size);
- out = rfs.create(filename);
- final int endPosition = (kvend > kvstart)
- ? kvend
- : kvoffsets.length + kvend;
- //在写入操作前进行排序操作
- sorter.sort(MapOutputBuffer.this, kvstart, endPosition, reporter);
- int spindex = kvstart;
- IndexRecord rec = new IndexRecord();
- InMemValBytes value = new InMemValBytes();
- for (int i = 0; i < partitions; ++i) {
- IFile.Writer<K, V> writer = null;
- try {
- long segmentStart = out.getPos();
- writer = new Writer<K, V>(job, out, keyClass, valClass, codec,
- spilledRecordsCounter);
- if (combinerRunner == null) {
- // spill directly
- DataInputBuffer key = new DataInputBuffer();
- while (spindex < endPosition &&
- kvindices[kvoffsets[spindex % kvoffsets.length]
- + PARTITION] == i) {
- final int kvoff = kvoffsets[spindex % kvoffsets.length];
- getVBytesForOffset(kvoff, value);
- key.reset(kvbuffer, kvindices[kvoff + KEYSTART],
- (kvindices[kvoff + VALSTART] -
- kvindices[kvoff + KEYSTART]));
- //writer中写入键值对操作
- writer.append(key, value);
- ++spindex;
- }
- } else {
- int spstart = spindex;
- while (spindex < endPosition &&
- kvindices[kvoffsets[spindex % kvoffsets.length]
- + PARTITION] == i) {
- ++spindex;
- }
- // Note: we would like to avoid the combiner if we've fewer
- // than some threshold of records for a partition
- //如果分区多的话,执行合并操作
- if (spstart != spindex) {
- combineCollector.setWriter(writer);
- RawKeyValueIterator kvIter =
- new MRResultIterator(spstart, spindex);
- //执行一次文件合并combine操作
- combinerRunner.combine(kvIter, combineCollector);
- }
- }
- ......
- //写入到文件中
- spillRec.writeToFile(indexFilename, job);
- } else {
- indexCacheList.add(spillRec);
- totalIndexCacheMemory +=
- spillRec.size() * MAP_OUTPUT_INDEX_RECORD_LENGTH;
- }
- LOG.info("Finished spill " + numSpills);
- ++numSpills;
- } finally {
- if (out != null) out.close();
- }
- }
每次Spill的过程都会产生一堆堆的文件,在最后的时候就会来到了Combine阶段,也就是Map任务的最后一个阶段了,他的任务就是把所有上一阶段的任务产生的文件进行Merge操作,合并成一个文件,便于后面的Reduce的任务的读取,在代码的对应实现中是collect.flush()方法。
- .....
- try {
- runner.run(in, new OldOutputCollector(collector, conf), reporter);
- //将collector中的数据刷新到内存中去
- collector.flush();
- } finally {
- //close
- in.close(); // close input
- collector.close();
- }
- }
这里的collector的flush方法调用的就是MapOutputBuffer.flush方法,
- public synchronized void flush() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException,
- InterruptedException {
- ...
- // shut down spill thread and wait for it to exit. Since the preceding
- // ensures that it is finished with its work (and sortAndSpill did not
- // throw), we elect to use an interrupt instead of setting a flag.
- // Spilling simultaneously from this thread while the spill thread
- // finishes its work might be both a useful way to extend this and also
- // sufficient motivation for the latter approach.
- try {
- spillThread.interrupt();
- spillThread.join();
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- throw (IOException)new IOException("Spill failed"
- ).initCause(e);
- }
- // release sort buffer before the merge
- kvbuffer = null;
- //最后进行merge合并成一个文件
- mergeParts();
- Path outputPath = mapOutputFile.getOutputFile();
- fileOutputByteCounter.increment(rfs.getFileStatus(outputPath).getLen());
- }
至此,Map任务宣告结束了,整体流程还是真是有点九曲十八弯的感觉。分析这么一个比较庞杂的过程,我一直在想如何更好的表达出我的想法,欢迎MapReduce的学习者,提出意见,共同学习