Qt Graphics and Performance – The Cost of Convenience
Previous posts in this topic:
So, its time for my next post. Todays topic is how convenience relates to performance, specifically in the context of QGraphicsView. My goal is to illustrate that the way to achieve fast graphics is to pack your QPainter draw calls as tightly together as possible. The more stuff that happens in the middle, the slower it gets.
今天的话题是方便和性能的权衡，特别在QGraphicsView中。我的目的是向你展示：最快的画图方法就是尽量把画图函数放一起（pack your QPainter draw calls as tightly together as possible）。中间发生的事情越多，速度越慢。
To illustrate this, I’ve implemented a virtual keyboard. Granted, its not a very common layout nor is it usable, but the rendering is the point here, not the functionality. The full source code is here and it looks like this:
I’ve implemented the keyboard using three different approaches. One using proxy widgets, one using graphics items and one where the entire view is one graphics item. In addition to that, I added a number of options to tweak various properties, such as whether or not the text is drawn. I measured this on an N900 rather than a desktop because the difference becomes more profound on a small device. On the desktop it is easy to be fooled because most things complete in a matter of micro seconds anyway. It is only when the entire application comes together one notices that things are not as smooth as in the prototype, but too much work has been invested into the current design that one loses out on the super-slick feeling application.
用三种方法来实现虚拟键盘。第一种用proxy widgets， 另一种用多个graphics items ，还有一直是用一个graphics item。
QGraphicsProxyWidget
Since we’re implementing a series of clickable buttons, a natural and convenient starting point is to use an existing button class, such as theQPushButton. It already implements the logic for mouse/keyboard interaction and has signals for clicking and all sorts of other useful functionality. To get widgets into QGraphicsView, we use a QGraphicsProxyWidget. To make the test “fair”, I actually use a plain QWidget which just paints a pixmap and a draws a text. Had I gone through the styling API, these numbers would have been even worse.
Milliseconds spent per frame including blit to screen when using QGraphicsProxyWidgets. Low is better!
If we look at the plain “-proxywidgets” run, the fastest engine was the raster engine, running at 26ms per frame. If I wanted to slide this keyboard onto screen, I have 16ms available if I want it running at 60 FPS and 33ms available if I want to do it at 30 FPS. When each frame takes 26ms, I can barely do 30, but with only a little bit of slack, so if another process is soaking up CPU time, that number is also a bit difficult to reach. So, not very good. (BTW, the exact numbers in the graphs are listed as a comment in the top of the .cpp file I linked above).
The first thing I noticed with this approach was that the each button now had a gray background. This is of course the widget background. AQWidget embedded in QGraphicsView will be treated as a top-level and will therefore draw its background. I added an option “-no-widget-background” which sets the Qt::WA_NoBackground on the widget. This brings the rendering speed with raster down to 22ms. 4ms saved per frame, just by setting a flag, not too bad, but still pretty far from being awsome.
I’ve mentioned before that text drawing is not as fast as we would like it, so just to compare how it looks without text, I added a “-no-text” option to the test. This brings the raster results down to 13ms. That is pretty nice and below the 16ms threshold required to achieve 60 FPS, but only with a small margin. And I’m not drawing any text! Before I give up with this approach, I’ll enable item caching. By settingItemCoordinateCache on each button, I cache both the background pixmap and the text in one single pixmap. This brings the raster results down to 8.5ms, and its starting to look acceptable. But at a very high memory cost… In my original usecase I had one shared pixmap for all the button backgrounds, but now I have one per button.
You may notice that there was a vast difference between item caching and the proxy widget drawing the pixmap. One thing that adds to the proxy widget cost is that the QPainter is recreated and initialized for each button in the buttons paint event. Also, as I mentioned in my previous post, An Overview, you may remember that I said that each widget has a system clip and that there is an overhead involved with calling thepaintEvent. For items in QGraphicsView, there is already a painter, and I don’t need a clip, nor do I need any of the other stuff that goes on behind the scenes there. When we enable item coordinate caching, we don’t leave graphics view world and we don’t enter the widget world. This crossing is expensive, so by not going into the widget world, we save a lot.
So, if there is a lesson to be learned it is that QGraphicsProxyWidget should be used with extreme caution. If you really need it, use very few of them.
QGraphicsWidget
If proxy widgets are too slow to be usable in this scenario, then the next best thing is to use a QGraphicsWidget. This is a subclass of bothQObject and QGraphicsItem, which gives me signals, slots and properties, but its not a QWidget and therefore still fairly lightweight. The numbers are as follows:
Milliseconds spent per frame including blit to screen when using QGraphicsWidgets. Lower is better!
Compared to the proxy widgets approach we’re starting out quite a bit better, with raster at 13 ms per frame, OpenGL at 20ms and X11 at 22ms. Below this line is a new line: “-no-indexing -optimize-flags”. QGraphicsView will by default put all the items in a view into a BSP tree for fast lookup, this is beneficial when the scene contains many items and you often need to find items that intersect with a small portion of the scene. In the testcase we’re always doing a full update, so there is no benefit from the index, so it can be disabled by calling scene->setItemIndexMethod(QGraphicsScene::NoIndex). Having a BSP is the default behaviour because graphics view was initially intended to be a static scene for many items. The most common usecase today is a few (a few hundred at max) items which tend to move a lot. For this reason, it is always a good idea to try to disable the BSP and see if it makes a difference in performance. If it helps, then leave it off.
I also know that the items play nice, meaning that they don’t change the clip, translate the painter, change the composition mode or modify any other state that would propagate to other items. This means I can safely set the DontSavePainterState optimization flag. Actually, based on an old habit, I set all possible optimization flags. I only consider unsetting them if my drawing code starts to look weird, at which point I would rather fix the drawing code and keep the flags set. By disabling indexing and enabling optimization shaves off 2ms per frame in for all rendering backends, so that is definitely worth it.
If I don’t do text, the performance is about twice as fast. Again we see that text drawing is a huge cost. We’re working on an API to fix this and we’ll have more information for you when we do. You may notice that enabling item caching drops the performance a bit compared to the “-no-text” case. There isn’t much overhead inside QGraphcisView for this path. A likely reason for the decrease is that reading from multiple memory sources (multiple pixmaps) results in a lot of cache misses, compared to the straight approach which draws the same pixmap over and over.
ButtonView Item
In my previous post I briefly mentioned that there is a slight overhead involved with the use of a QGraphicsItem too. Prior to calling the paintfunction, the painter is transformed to the coordinate system of the item and the painter state is saved. If the item draws a big polygon, this setup cost can be ignored, but when drawing just a pixmap and a few pixels of text, then it may be worth considering. In the spirit of “The more direct the painting code is, the faster it gets”, I implemented the keyboard as a single item. The numbers are as follows:
Milliseconds per frame including blit to screen when using a single item. Lower is better!
Raster is now down to 10ms, which is 1ms better than the QGraphicsWidget approach when all optimizations were enabled, so even though graphics items are cheaper than widgets, they still cost a bit. The keyboard is now rendered in a tight loop, and the major difference in performance here is caused by the fact that items in the scene have a transform associated with them. Prior to calling paint() a transform is set to match the painter to the items local coordinate system. This causes a state change in the paint engine. For each button we’re drawing a 32×32 pixmap which means alpha blending 1024 pixels, followed by doing text layout and drawing a single character. Even then do we save about 10% time by not having a QPainter::translate() in the midst, so bear that in mind. By enabling the optimization flags and disabling the index, raster drops a bit more, so having those are still a good idea.
You may have noticed that there is one dataset that is named “cheat” for OpenGL. I was reluctant to include this, because its using a private API that is not, and I really mean NOT, subject to binary compatibility rules. You cannot call this from your application. We’re going to add a public API for this in the future, hopefully 4.7, so until its there, wait. In the interest of showing what we are thinking internally, I thought I would show it.
OpenGL is really great for accelerating graphics, but its way of working does not map optimally to how Qt works. GL is really good at taking a few large datasets of triangles and rendering them, but its not so good at drawing loads of small things. Small things like button backgrounds, icons, single text items, etc. However, all the buttons backgrounds are the same pixmaps, so what if I could tell QPainter to draw the same pixmap in multiple places at once? In GL this would correspond to setting up a texture and one vertex and texture coordinate array and drawing some 40 pixmaps in one go. This fits much better with how GL is made to work. The result is that drawing the buttons drop from 5.2ms to 3.9ms, so another piece of juice squeezed out. Naturally, the more times the pixmap is drawn and the smaller the pixmap gets, the more benefit you get from batching commands like this.
GL适合处理large datasets of triangles and rendering them，但是不适合drawing loads of small things.
There is a second option to OpenGL for the button view case, which is the “-ordered”. This was done after Tom brought to my attention that the testcase would do a shader program update for each painter call. In the default buttonview implementation we do:
for (int i=0; i < m_rects.size(); ++i) {
p->drawPixmap(m_rects.at(i), *theButtonPixmap);
p->drawText(m_rects.at(i), Qt::AlignCenter, m_texts.at(i));
}
Because pixmaps use one shader pipeline and text drawing uses another, the pipeline needs to be switched and reset all the time, which renders at 16m per frame. To see if it makes a difference, I added a second alternative rendering, “-ordered”, where I do all the pixmaps first, then all the text:
for (int i=0; i < m_rects.size(); ++i)
p->drawPixmap(m_rects.at(i), *theButtonPixmap);
for (int i=0; i<m_rects.size(); ++i)
p->drawText(m_rects.at(i), Qt::AlignCenter, m_texts.at(i));
This prevents the shader pipeline updates and bring the rendering time per frame down to 13ms, so definitely worth it.
连续调用相同的函数也更快。
Summing Up
Milliseconds per frame including blit to screen for proxy widgets, graphics widgets and a single widget. Lower is better!
OpenGL comes out rather bad in this testcase, which I was a bit disappointed to see, but it did send Tom into an optimization frenzy, so we’re hoping to remove some of the constant overhead. It should also be said that when using the OpenGL graphics system, we enable multisampling by default, which increases rendering time on the N900 by around 30%. A plain QGLWidget would thus perform slightly better. Another aspect to OpenGL is that it uses a dedicated low-power chip, so even though it for this particular usecase runs at half the speed, it also uses a lot less battery, so it may still be the right choice. OpenGL will also scale significantly better than raster and X11 as the pixmaps get bigger or if the content of the button is slightly more advanced, say like a horizontal gradient.
The best numbers are definitely in the button view case, where all the content is rendered as one item, which is what I wanted to highlight with this blog. The button view item also opens up for other optimizations such as batching. We don’t have that many batching functions in QPaintertoday, its only drawRects(), drawLines() and drawPoints(), but we’re considering to add more, we are just not sure on how the API’s would look yet.
The bottom line is still that how Qt is used defines how well it performs. On one hand there may be an easy and convenient way to get the job done which performs quite sub-optimally. On the other hand there may be a more involved implementation which performs very well. I’m not trying to suggest that you do one or the other, there are a lot of good reasons for picking either one. But I hope that I’ve illustrated that some features come at a cost and that this is kept in mind along with what the target is when designs evaluated and chosen.
I’ll round off with a question. If you were to implement a particle effect when you press a button, which approach would you choose, having seen the numbers above?